Monitoring and environmental modeling of earthwork impacts: A road construction case study

This study presents the contributions of materials, earth engineering machines and construction techniques to potential environmental impacts from the main items of typical road earthworks. To achieve this goal, the overall activity at a 1.9-km long French earthworks project site for a heavily trafficked highway was surveyed during its 2007–2009 construction period. Using data collected and a numerical model of road life cycle assessment (LCA), i.e. ECORCE, six indicators could be evaluated, namely: energy consumption, global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical ozone creation, and human chronic toxicity. When available, several life cycle inventories were implemented in order to appraise indicator sensitivity with respect to the considered panel of pollutants. Results also allowed estimating from an LCA point of view: (i) the conservation of both aggregates and soil as induced by quicklime treatment and (ii) the duration necessary for projected traffic levels to offset the potential environmental impacts of the earthworks stage.     

河南鸡冠洞洞穴水对极端气候的响应及其控制因素研究

为揭示洞穴水地球化学动态的变化特征及其控制因素,从2009年10月至2013年12月对黄土高原东南缘河南西部栾川县鸡冠洞洞穴水的水化学指标进行了4个完整水文年的动态监测.结果表明:1鸡冠洞洞穴水的化学类型主要是HCO-3-Ca2+-Mg2+和HCO-3-Mg2+-Ca2+型,阴离子中HCO-3占80%以上,阳离子中Ca2+、Mg2+是优势离子,地下河常年处于溶蚀状态,池水、滴水处于沉积状态.2鸡冠洞洞穴滴水、池水可以很好地响应外部气候环境的变化,其地球化学指标具有显著的季节效应.3Ca2+、Mg2+、SO2-4能够敏感地响应极端气候事件引起的年际降水量变化,Ca2+、Mg2+、SO2-4浓度洪涝年升高,干旱年降低.HCO-3主要受CO2浓度控制,对极端气候事件响应不明显.4鸡冠洞地下河中Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO-3、SO2-4浓度波动幅度较小,且无明显的季节变化规律.对2010年和2013年的极端降水事件响应不明显.     

Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies in Kenya

Abstract

To determine the climate changes that are due to natural variability and those due to human activities is quite challenging, just like delineating the impacts. Moreover, it is equally difficult to ascertain the adaptive strategies for coping with the climate changes and in particular for developing countries like Kenya. While climate change is a global phenomenon, the impacts are more or less specific to local areas such as observed in Kenyan case. Therefore climate change impacts adaptation strategies are appropriately applicable to a given local perspective. The study investigated the main indicators of climate change and effective adaptive strategies that can be employed in Kenya. Based on online questionnaire survey, the study established unpredictable rainfall patterns as the major indicator of climate change in the country, while water harvesting and change of cropping methods are the best adaptive strategies.     

对改进我国生产安全事故统计工作的思考

做好生产安全事故统计工作,是国家制定相应的安全生产法规、政策和科学发展规划的重要依据,也是指导和加强安全生产管理、监督和监察工作的基础。本文简要回顾了我国生产安全事故统计工作发展情况;指出了当前事故统计工作中存在的问题;针对这些问题,作者就改进我国生产安全事故统计工作、进一步完善生产安全事故统计指标体系以及如何向国际劳工组织提供我国职业伤害统计数据等提出了自己的建议。     

中国与南非金属非金属矿山安全标准化标准比对分析及启示

近年来,我国矿难不断,人民生命财产受到了巨大的损失,而造成这些矿难的一个主要原因是矿山安全标准化工作存在疏漏。安全标准化的建设是夯实企业安全基础、强化企业安全管理、提升企业本质安全水平的强有力措施。通过分析我国与南非金属非金属矿山安全标准化标准的现状,从金属非金属矿山安全标准化的创建到围绕矿山安全标准化展开的14个核心要素,进行了全面的比对,并在比对的基础上,对其中存在较大差异的指标进行分析。总结了我国与南非矿山安全标准化之间的异同,指出了我国金属非金属矿山安全标准化标准存在的缺点和不足。基于具体技术指标比对分析以及对安全标准化缺点和不足的分析,对我国非煤矿山安全标准化发展提出参考意,借以希望为我国非煤矿山安全标准化标准的修订工作提供了一定的参考和帮助。     

CS2在TiO2表面的多相光化学反应研究

本文运用原位漫反射红外光谱(DRIFTS)、GC、XPS等手段研究了CS2在大气半导体颗粒TiO2表面的多相光化学反应.结果表明在模拟太阳光照射下,低浓度的CS2(8.1 mg·m(-3))在TiO2:表面发生多相光化学反应,生成气态产物cos、H2S、SO2,进而在颗粒物表面生成硫酸盐.在氧气体积浓度为21%,氙灯照...     

New hydroepidemiological models of indicator organisms and zoonotic pathogens in agricultural watersheds

Simple analytical models are derived to assess how a series of cattle animal farms affect the transport and fate of an indicator organism (Escherichia coli) and a zoonotic pathogen (Campylobacter) in a stream. Separate steady-state mass-balance models are developed and solved for the ultimate minimum and maximum concentrations for the two organisms. The E. coli model assumes that the organism is ubiquitous and abundant in the animals’ digestive tracts. In contrast, a simple dose-response model is employed to relate the Campylobacter prevalence to drinking water drawn from the stream. Because faecal indicators are commonly employed to assess the efficacy of best management practice (BMP) interventions, we also employ the models to assess how BMPs impact pathogen levels. The model provides predictions of (a) the relative removal efficacy for Campylobacter and (b) the prevalence of Campylobacter infection among farm animals after implementation of BMPs. Dimensionless numbers and simple graphs are developed to assess how prevalence is influenced by a number of factors including animal density and farm spacing. A significant outcome of this model development is that the numerous dimensional input and parameter variables are reduced to a group of just four dimensionless Campylobacter-related quantities, characterizing: animal density; in-stream attenuation; animal-to-animal transmission; and infection recovery. Calculations reveal that for some constellations of these four quantities there can be a greater-than-expected benefit in that the proportional reduction of stream Campylobacter concentrations post-BMP can substantially exceed the proportional reduction of concentrations of E. coli in that stream. In addition, a criterion for system sterility (i.e., the conditions required for the farm infection rate to decrease with downstream distance) is derived.     

GIS与层次分析法相结合的生态环境综合评价研究——以渝西地区为例

将GIS与层次分析法相结合应用于渝西地区生态环境质量综合评价。首先,根据渝西地区生态环境的基本特点确定生态环境质量综合评价的指标体系和基本评价单元,通过层次分析法,确定各评价指标的权重,计算出每个评价单元的生态环境质量综合指数和分指数;然后运用GIS技术,根据每个评价单元的质量指数和分指数,自动生成渝西地区生态环境综合评价等级图;在此基础上,对渝西地区生态环境整体及各不同侧面质量状况的空间分异规律进行分析和研究。结果显示,渝西区生态环境质量基本上由南向北逐渐降低,与自然环境状况的空间格局大体吻合,但局部地区有差异。表明自然条件对渝西地区生态环境质量的空间分异起决定性作用,但社会经济和环境污染等因素同样对生态环境具有重要影响,在某些情况下,甚至可以成为决定因素,并在一定程度上改变生态环境的空间格局。     

基于化学损耗矫正的青岛胶州市环境VOCs来源解析

臭氧已成为影响我国环境空气质量的重要污染物之一,准确解析环境臭氧及其前体物VOCs的关键源类及其贡献对于有效防控臭氧污染具有重要作用.因此,利用光化学年龄参数方法估算了青岛胶州市2021年1月1日至2月28日在线VOCs监测数据的初始浓度,矫正环境VOCs物种的光化学损耗;并利用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)和臭氧生成潜势(OFP)模型进行了环境VOCs及其OFP来源解析研究,以期为青岛市环境臭氧污染的防控提供数据支撑.结果表明,研究期间青岛市环境ρ(TVOCs)和OFP的平均值分别为65.9μg·m^-3和176.7μg·m^-3;其中丙烷浓度(12.4μg·m^-3)和占比(18.9%)最高,而间/对-二甲苯的OFP(24.6μg·m^-3)及占比(13.9%)最高.研究期间TVOCs的初始浓度为153.1μg·m^-3,其光化学损耗率达到63.8%.烯烃是光化学损耗率(92.1%)最高的VOCs物种,其中异戊二烯的光化学损耗率达到98.6%,明显高于其它VOCs物种.基于初始浓度的来源...     

上海城区二次气溶胶的形成:光化学氧化与液相反应对二次气溶胶形成的影响

二次组分是大气细颗粒物中最重要的组成部分之一.本研究旨在探究上海城区大气气溶胶颗粒物中二次组分的贡献及其形成的主要影响因素.利用高分辨率飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪(HR-TOF-AMS)对上海城区春季及夏季的亚微米颗粒物(PM_1)进行实时的在线表征,发现有机物是PM_1中最主要的组成部分,占比为55%;其次是硫酸盐(24%)与硝酸盐(10%).进一步结合正交矩阵因子解析模型(PMF)对有机组分进行了来源解析.结果表明,一次有机气溶胶(POA)与二次有机气溶胶(SOA)分别占总有机物浓度的34%与66%; POA主要来自机动车源与餐饮源的贡献,且在春季和夏季对有机物的贡献趋于稳定.观测期间共观察到3个二次气溶胶显著生成的过程:其中,春季二次组分的显著增长过程以硫酸盐和老化的有机气溶胶在正午时段上升显著为主要特征,主要受光化学氧化过程的促进;夏季二次组分的显著生成过程主要是液相反应与光化学氧化共同促进的结果,如液相反应过程中,硝酸盐浓度与颗粒相水含量有较好的相关性(R~2=0. 72),而光化学氧化期间SOA浓度与大气氧化性(O_x)有较好的相关性.总体而言,二次组分是上海城市大气气溶胶颗粒物中最重要的组成部分,二次有机与无机组分在PM_1颗粒物中占比分别为35. 5%和43%,光化学氧化与液相反应对二次组分的形成有显著的促进作用.