甾烷作为溢油指示物的模糊聚类分析研究

用模糊聚类分析对溢油指示物甾烷进行了研究，为消除进样误差的影响，以标准化相对峰高为基本数据，推算出了油种及其甾烷的动态模糊聚类分析图。结果表明，油种的动态模糊聚类分析图可以显示油种间的疏近程度；甾烷的动态模糊聚类分析图可以表征溢油指示物各甾烷的贡献率，15个甾烷是模糊聚类分析的主要因子，属较理想的溢油指示物。     

Carboxylic acids in the troposphere, occurrence, sources, and sinks: A review

Carboxylic acids are ubiquitous and important components of the troposphere; they are currently measured in different environments. They are thought to have several sources comprising primary biogenic and anthropogenic emissions, hydrocarbons gas-phase oxidations, and some carbonyl compounds aqueous-phase oxidations. In the present review we make a synthesis of the concentrations of low molecular weight carboxylic acids in tropospheric aqueous and gaseous phases and in aerosol particles for different environments. We also successively examine the major sources of carboxylic acids and discuss their relative contribution to tropospheric concentrations for various environments as well as the principal sinks of these compounds.     

Analysis of train derailments and collisions to identify leading causes of loss incidents in rail transport of dangerous goods in Canada

The Canadian railway industry has improved safety performance in the last decade as measured by freight loss incidents per billion gross ton-miles. Further improvements in safety performance require a deeper analysis of the leading causes to identify weaknesses in implementing safety systems. In this paper, we classify the causes of railway loss incidents using a Safety Management System (SMS) framework to identify system weaknesses. The role of human factors is further analyzed through the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) approach. For this, we utilized data from 42 main track derailments and collisions involving the transport of dangerous goods in Canada between 2007 and 2018, which have been investigated by the Transportation Safety Board of Canada in detail. Associations between adjacent sub-categories of the HFACS framework are analyzed to identify any interdependency that exists between active and latent errors using a Chi-square test and Kruskal's lambda analysis. Furthermore, we implement the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method and the Analytical Network Process (ANP) to identify causal relationships between different sub-categories of the HFACS framework and calculate the weighted influence of each sub-category on main track derailments and collisions. Finally, a comparison is made between this work and others', which have analyzed human factors in the railway industry. There is good agreement between the results of these studies that highlight the importance of supervisory and organizational factors in the prevention of railway loss incidents. Based on these findings, we make recommendations to reduce railway loss incidents.     

作为我国循环经济测度的生态效率指标及其实证研究

尝试借鉴德国环境经济账户中的生态效率指标,并根据我国实际情况,构建适合度量我国循环经济发展的生态效率指标。这套指标是基于GDP与建设用地、能源消耗、用水总量、原材料消耗等4个资源投入性指标和二氧化硫排放量、废水排放量、国内生产排放量等3个污染排放类指标生成的,包括土地产出率、能源产出率、用水产出率、原材料消耗产出率、二氧化硫排放产出率、废水排放产出率、国内生产排放产出率等7个指标。应用这套生态效率指标分析我国1990～2005年生态效率的发展趋势,发现1990～2005年各种自然输入要素的生态效率均呈现增长态势,但增长速度仅使自然输入要素与经济产出呈现出不同程度的弱脱钩。其中,用水产出率增长最快,能源产出率增长最慢;用水产出率、国内生产排放产出率和土地产出率的增长速度高于就业人员劳动生产率的增长速度,而二氧化硫排放产出率、废水排放产出率、原材料消耗产出率和能源消耗产出率的增长速度低于就业人员劳动生产率的增长速度。     

北京地区对流层低层臭氧及硫酸盐气溶胶的时空分布

基于OMI/Aura卫星资料,分析了北京地区2007~2016年近10a对流层O₃浓度（0~3km）、硫酸盐气溶胶光学厚度（0~2km）、SO₂（边界层以内）柱浓度时空演变特征.结果表明,近10a来北京地区O₃浓度总体呈现上升趋势,最低值在2007年,浓度为33.65 μg/m³;硫酸盐气溶胶污染总体变化呈现先下降后增长的趋势,2007年硫酸盐气溶胶污染最为严重,2011年污染最轻,对应的AOD值为0.252,但在2014年以后,硫酸盐气溶胶污染又出现增长趋势;SO₂浓度在2007~2016年总体呈现下降的变化趋势,且下降趋势明显,最高值为2007年,最低值出现在2016年,最低值比最高值降低了60.42%,但在2011年污染出现反弹.北京O₃季节变化明显,夏季高、春秋次之、冬季低;硫酸盐气溶胶污染季节特征与O₃相同;SO₂污染主要集中在冬季,采暖期污染程度高于非采暖期.     

模拟日光照射下土霉素的复合光化学转化动力学及环境归趋

环境水体中存在众多可解离的有机污染物,而不同的解离形态表现出相异的环境行为,如光化学反应活性和归趋.本文以土霉素(OTC)为例,研究了水中可解离化合物的表观光降解、光氧化等复合光化学转化动力学,并揭示了其相应的环境光化学归趋和贡献.模拟日光(λ290nm)照射下,OTC的光降解遵循准一级反应动力学,光解速率常数(k)对pH表现出明显的依赖性.这是由于随pH值升高,解离形态(i)从OTCH_2~0、OTCH~-到OTC~(2-)渐变,相应的k_i和量子产率(Φ_i)显著增大.竞争动力学实验进一步表明,·OH和~1O_2均可以氧化降解OTC,且降解速率随着pH的增大而加快.这与3种解离形态不同的去质子化程度和氧化反应活性有关.去质子化增加化合物的电子密度,利于活性氧物种的亲电攻击,从而促进光氧化反应.基于以上OTC解离形态的不同光化学转化活性,评估了环境表层水体(pH=6~9)中的复合光化学转化半减期(t_(1/2,E)).t_(1/2,E)值依赖于基质pH和季节,北纬45°晴天正午,t_(1/2,E)在0.131 h(仲夏,pH=9)到3.63 h(仲冬,pH=6)之间.多数情况下,OTC的表观光解是其最主要的光化学转化途径,~1O_2氧化次之,而·OH氧化的贡献非常小.以上结果证明了OTC不同解离形态具有不同的光化学转化动力学.因此,为了准确评价水环境中抗生素等可解离有机污染物的光化学归趋和风险,有必要综合考虑所有解离形态的复合光化学行为.     

Choosing Indicators of Natural Resource Condition: A Case Study in Arches National Park, Utah, USA

/ Heavy visitor use in many areas of the world have necessitated development of ways to assess visitation impacts. Arches National Park recently completed a Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) plan. Integral to this plan was developing a method to identify biological indicators that would both measure visitor impacts and response to management actions. The process used in Arches for indicator selection is outlined here as a model applicableto many areas facing similar challenges. The steps were: (1) Vegetation types most used by visitors were identified. Impacted and unimpacted areas in these types were sampled, comparing vegetation and soil factors. (2) Variables found to differ significantly between compared sites were used as potential indicators. (3) Site-specific criteria for indicators were developed, and potential indicators evaluated using these criteria. (4) Chosen indicators were further researched for ecological relevancy. (5) Final indicators were chosen, field tested, and monitoring sites designated. In Arches, indicators were chosen for monitoring annually (soil crust index, soil compaction, number of used social trails and soil aggregate stability) and every five years (vegetation cover and frequency; ground cover; soil chemistry; and plant tissue chemistry).KEY WORDS: Biological indicators; Recreation impacts; Recreation management; Desert soils; Trampling     

CRITICAL ELEMENTS IN DESCRIBING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR NATION'S AQUATIC RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT: Despite spending $115 billion per year on environmental actions in the United States, we have only a limited ability to describe the effectiveness of these expenditures. Moreover, after decades of such investments, we cannot accurately describe status and trends in the nation's aquatic ecosystems or even those in specific regions. Why? This situation has arisen in part because we have excluded the fundamental principles of probability designs that are widely used in other fields and we have often ignored direct measures of biota, the subjects of greatest concern. To demonstrate the results of ignoring these powerful statistical and biological tools, we present four case studies. These studies compare estimates of aquatic resource status derived from using (1) a probability-based study design, often with biological measures of condition; and (2) a nonstatistical study design, often using chemical surrogates. In three of the four cases, the results derived from the nonstatistical perspective underestimate the degree of biological degradation.     

Spider webs as environmental indicators

Analysis of spider webs from limestone arches in New South Wales, Australia showed levels of lead and zinc to be several times higher at Jenolan Caves than reference sites at Abercrombie and Wombeyan Caves. The high concentrations at Jenolan were attributed to emissions from motor vehicles that travel through the arch. Analysis of water-soluble ions in webs from Jenolan and Abercrombie Caves showed large differences between the sites, which could be explained by differences in the geology and biology of the cave environments. Spider webs proved useful indicators of environmental chemistry and undoubtedly have applications beyond the cave environments studied here.     

Indicators for Chemicals: Sources,impacts and policy performance (5 pp)

Background Different types of indicators have been developed to describe the impact of chemicals on society and environment. Due to the high number of substances and their different types of use, most of these indicators are directed to specific areas of interest – regarding workplace safety, environmental health or consumer health. They address a specific subset of chemicals and can be used for monitoring enterprise-specific, national or international management measures. Main Features A survey of existing indicators for chemicals has shown that indicators already exist for a remarkable number of problem fields. As soon as the release and the environmental fate of chemicals are taken into account, the complexity of the approaches increases considerably. The distinction between indicators for drivers, pressures, state, impacts and responses, as proposed by the European Environmental Agency, supports the identification of proper indicators for a specific type of problem. Discussion and Conclusions. No single indicator exists which is able to cover the whole range of chemicals and their applications. Several indicator approaches cover at least a subset of the most relevant substances. If they are intended to be used for European monitoring, robust data must be provided by EU Member States. Chemicals in enterprises (ancillary inputs as well as process chemicals) are an important element of in-plant material flow management – in terms of occupational safety and health as well as environmental protection. Existing indicators for hazardous chemicals can be a valuable tool for process and product refinement regarding hazardous chemicals, especially for enterprises. Outlook Indicators for production and impact of chemicals, as well as policy performance indicators, are essential elements in order to monitor the management of chemicals. They have to be established for the national and for the EU level.