钛基修饰电极催化电解去除水中硝酸盐氮的研究

利用热分解法制备CuO修饰Ti基阴极和SnO2-Sb2O5修饰Ti基阳极,组成无隔膜电解体系,以模拟废水(NO3--N 50mg/L)为对象,进行了水中NO3--N去除实验研究.结果数据表明,CuO修饰Ti基阴极对水中NO3--N的去除率随电流密度、极板间距、搅拌强度和电解时间增加而增加,在电流密度10mA/cm2、极板间距9mm、中等搅拌强度下电解150min,NO3--N催化还原去除率可达93.8%.Cl-支持电解可使NO3--N催化还原产物NH4+-N氧化为N2-N去除.在电流密度10mA/cm2、极板间距9mm、NaCl添加量600mg/L、中等搅拌强度下电解120min后,NO3--N和TN的去除率达到89.3%和86.9%,NO2--N和NH4+-N未检出.分析认为NO3--N还原机制为NOx中O被阴极表面Cu吸附固定,N—O键受氢攻击破坏,逐步还原.阳极电解Cl-生成HOCl,HOCl氧化NH4+-N成N2-N.     

氧氟沙星敏化光解磺胺甲恶唑

抗生素是环境中广泛存在的一类新兴污染物,因其可诱导细菌抗药性及产生抗性基因而备受关注.本研究发现氟喹诺酮类抗生素具有的光化学活性,可能影响共存的磺胺类抗生素（SAs）的转化.系统考察了一种典型的氟喹诺酮类抗生素—氧氟沙星（OFLO）对磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）的光化学转化.结果表明,在365 nm紫外光照条件下,OFLO可以有效敏化光解SMX.激发三重态（³OFLO^*）是促进SMX光解的主要活性物质.密度泛函理论（DFT）计算结合高分辨率质谱（HRMS）分析表明,³OFLO^*将SMX分子中的氨基氮氧化成一个自由基阳离子（R-NH₂^?+）.该自由基阳离子可水解生成羟胺衍生物,并进一步氧化生成亚硝化和硝化产物.此外,它们也可以二聚生成偶氮产物.光反应过程中,敏化剂OFLO也发生了降解.但OFLO的光解产物均保留了核心喹诺酮结构,因此也保留了OFLO分子的光敏活性.该研究有助于进一步了解抗生素复合污染情况下的环境行为,具有重要的环境意义.     

区域空气质量模拟中查表法的应用研究

在自行开发完善的区域空气质量模式系统RegSRRMS中应用查表法,模拟中国典型城市群对流层大气主要污染物的浓度变化,评估该方法在大气复合污染事件预测和控制中的有效性.首先,利用具有国际先进水平的空气质量模式WRF-CHEM中的化学模块建立了包含完善气相化学、气溶胶过程的箱模式WRFBOX.其次,利用WRFBOX进行化学反应敏感性分析,基于影响污染物的重要因子分别建立了臭氧(O3)及其前体物、无机盐气溶胶和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)查算表数据库,并检验其有效性.最后,将此查算表数据库引入RegSRRMS,建立简化的查表算法.利用直接耦合机制法和查表法对2000年3月珠三角地区污染个例中主要大气污染物浓度进行模拟.通过比较2种方法的模拟结果,显示查表法计算效率提高了57%,能够反映大气光化学反应的非线性特征、气溶胶及其前体物的平衡关系,具有高分辨率、高时效性,能够方便快捷地给出源和受体之间的响应关系,结果可靠.在区域空气质量模式中应用查表法有利于大气污染事件的快速预测以及大气污染控制的快速决策.     

蜡染废水在线处理回用及热能回收工程实例

采用絮凝沉淀-ClO2脱色-砂滤-微波无极紫外光催化氧化工艺对青岛凤凰印染有限公司蜡染印花水洗废水进行处理,详细论述了该工艺的运行特点、处理及回用效果。结果表明,在进水COD及色度波动很大的情况下,处理后废水水质长期稳定达到COD100 mg/L,色度10倍,其他各项水质指标均可满足蜡染水洗工序的生产回用要求,并回收了水中的热能。废水回用率达80%,日节水200 t,节约热能折合成标准煤约为1 t,为印染行业完成节能20%,减排20%的总体目标提供了新的思路。     

A Sensitivity Analysis of Ozone Formation to Ambient Air Composition by Means of Photochemical Models

The prediction of the atmospheric concentration of ozoneand of other photochemical pollutants represents one of themajor scientific challenges in the study of urban airquality. To this aim, photochemical models are widelyapplied as support tools for regulatory purposes, but theirresults are known to be affected by several uncertainties,in boundary conditions, geographical and meteorologicaldata and the chemical composition of emission and ambientair as well. Also the mechanism selected to describe theurban chemistry may lead to large differences in the modelresults. In this work, the influence of ambient air composition onthe results of photochemical model has been studied using a simple Lagrangian trajectory model coupled with different chemical sub-models (CB-IV and a simplified version of EMEP). To this aim a parametric sensitivity study of ozone with respect to its precursors' concentration was performed withreference to the same meteorological conditions and by simulatingdifferent scenarios characterized by specific emitted pollutantsconcentration. Rather than analyzing sensitivity by changing initial composition, an analytical local sensitivity concept has been applied; this allowed evaluation the influence of initial concentration on the predicted ozone concentration andto discriminate between VOC-sensitive and NOx-sensitive kineticregimes. Finally, these results have been successfully comparedwith those obtained applying the concept of photochemical indicators (i.e. O₃/NOy and H₂O₂/HNO₃ ratios).     

阳极材料对苯酚废水处理效果的影响研究

应用自制电化学反应器研究了不同阳极材料对苯酚废水的电催化氧化处理效果的影响.实验结果表明,在相同的实验条件下,钛基RuO2和钛基SnO2种新型阳极处理苯酚废水的电催化氧化效果要远好过传统的阳极材料石墨.     

重铬酸钾用量对硫铬氧化法测定土壤有机碳的影响

硫铬氧化法是在恒温加热条件下（135±2℃）,浓H2SO4介质中,用K2Cr2O7氧化土壤中的有机碳,通过分光光度法测定被还原的三价铬（Cr3＋）含量来计算出土壤有机碳的含量。实验发现适当增加重铬酸钾的用量可提高分析方法的测定上限,更好适应土壤有机碳的测定。     

内电解—Fenton氧化—絮凝沉淀预处理焦化废水

采用内电解—Fenton氧化—絮凝沉淀的化学集成技术预处理焦化废水,优化了各工段的运行参数。实验结果表明：在钢铁铁屑与活性炭的体积比为1∶1的条件下,内电解工段的优化参数为进水pH 2.6~3.1、HRT=1.0 h;Fenton氧化工段的优化参数为Fe2+加入量200 mg/L、H2O2加入量1 000 mg/L、进水pH 3.0左右、反应时间1.0 h;絮凝沉淀工段的设定参数为进水pH 9.5~10.0、聚丙烯酰胺加入量1 mg/L、静置沉降0.5 h。在上述工艺条件下,该集成技术对废水的总COD去除率大于55%,处理后的废水BOD5/COD大于0.28,不添加稀释新水即可进入后续生化处理系统。该工艺占地面积小、系统结构简单、易于工业化,废水预处理成本为4~5元/t。     

Home composting as an alternative treatment option for organic household waste in Denmark: An environmental assessment using life cycle assessment-modelling

An environmental assessment of the management of organic household waste (OHW) was performed from a life cycle perspective by means of the waste-life cycle assessment (LCA) model EASEWASTE. The focus was on home composting of OHW in Denmark and six different home composting units (with different input and different mixing frequencies) were modelled. In addition, incineration and landfilling was modelled as alternatives to home composting. The most important processes contributing to the environmental impact of home composting were identified as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (load) and the avoided emissions in relation to the substitution of fertiliser and peat when compost was used in hobby gardening (saving). The replacement of fertiliser and peat was also identified as one of the most sensible parameters, which could potentially have a significant environmental benefit. Many of the impact categories (especially human toxicity via water (HTw) and soil (HTs)) were affected by the heavy metal contents of the incoming OHW. The concentrations of heavy metals in the compost were below the threshold values for compost used on land and were thus not considered to constitute a problem. The GHG emissions were, on the other hand, dependent on the management of the composting units. The frequently mixed composting units had the highest GHG emissions. The environmental profiles of the home composting scenarios were in the order of −2 to 16 milli person equivalents (mPE) Mg⁻¹ wet waste (ww) for the non-toxic categories and −0.9 to 28 mPE Mg⁻¹ ww for the toxic categories. Home composting performed better than or as good as incineration and landfilling in several of the potential impact categories. One exception was the global warming (GW) category, in which incineration performed better due to the substitution of heat and electricity based on fossil fuels.