γ-FeOOH-草酸系统中橙黄I的光化学脱色

以8W黑光灯为光源,γ-FeOOH为催化剂,加入草酸构成光化学Fenton体系,研究了这一体系中橙黄I的光化学脱色动力学;考察了橙黄I的初始浓度、初始pH值和草酸初始浓度对橙黄I光化学脱色降解的影响.结果表明,草酸能显著促进橙黄I的脱色与降解,橙黄I光化学脱色一级动力学常数随草酸浓度的增大呈先升后降的趋势,最佳草酸初始浓度为1·8mmol·L-1;溶液pH值的变化也显著影响橙黄I的脱色.光化学反应过程中Fe2+和总Fe的浓度也随草酸浓度与反应时间的变化而变化.     

河南蒲塘、毛堂金矿稀土元素地球化学特征

稀土元素广泛用于岩浆起源、岩浆演化和岩石学领域，用于矿床成因研究和指导找矿只是近几年来的事。笔者通过对河南蒲塘、毛堂金矿不同类型矿石、岩石稀土元素研究，认为在氧化和热液作用下轻稀土元素淋失，重稀土元素相对富集，ΣLREE／ΣHREE比值和ΣREE降低，热液和表生氧化作用对稀土元素的影响是通过斜长石的形成与分解实现的。研究表明，矿化强度与δEu和ΣLRE／ΣHRE有一定的相关关系，这一关系可作为矿床评价的标志之一。     

A Sensitivity Analysis of Ozone Formation to Ambient Air Composition by Means of Photochemical Models

The prediction of the atmospheric concentration of ozoneand of other photochemical pollutants represents one of themajor scientific challenges in the study of urban airquality. To this aim, photochemical models are widelyapplied as support tools for regulatory purposes, but theirresults are known to be affected by several uncertainties,in boundary conditions, geographical and meteorologicaldata and the chemical composition of emission and ambientair as well. Also the mechanism selected to describe theurban chemistry may lead to large differences in the modelresults. In this work, the influence of ambient air composition onthe results of photochemical model has been studied using a simple Lagrangian trajectory model coupled with different chemical sub-models (CB-IV and a simplified version of EMEP). To this aim a parametric sensitivity study of ozone with respect to its precursors' concentration was performed withreference to the same meteorological conditions and by simulatingdifferent scenarios characterized by specific emitted pollutantsconcentration. Rather than analyzing sensitivity by changing initial composition, an analytical local sensitivity concept has been applied; this allowed evaluation the influence of initial concentration on the predicted ozone concentration andto discriminate between VOC-sensitive and NOx-sensitive kineticregimes. Finally, these results have been successfully comparedwith those obtained applying the concept of photochemical indicators (i.e. O₃/NOy and H₂O₂/HNO₃ ratios).     

氧化·热化学脱硫研究

热化学脱硫法因铵盐回收率低、产物不稳定,无法解决实用化问题。氧化热化学法应用超强脉冲电场产生高浓度、高能量的活性粒子,使SO₂在氧化过程中生成H₂SO₄,与NH3进行热化学反应,生成稳定的固体微粒（NH₄）₂SO₄,用电收尘器加以回收。脱除率、回收率可达90％左右,脱除1m³烟气中SO₂耗能为4Wh,实现了干法高效脱硫。一次投资大幅度减少,回收铵盐基本上抵消了药品费和电费。     

阳极材料对苯酚废水处理效果的影响研究

应用自制电化学反应器研究了不同阳极材料对苯酚废水的电催化氧化处理效果的影响.实验结果表明,在相同的实验条件下,钛基RuO2和钛基SnO2种新型阳极处理苯酚废水的电催化氧化效果要远好过传统的阳极材料石墨.     

中温焙烧/钠化氧化法回收电镀污泥中的铬

采用中温焙烧/钠化氧化法从电镀污泥中回收铬.结果表明,影响铬浸出率的最主要因素为焙烧温度.电镀污泥与碳酸钠质量比、焙烧时间、水浸时间对铬浸出率的影响较接近,在水浸水固比为10.0 ; 1.0(质量比)、室温、焙烧温度为650℃、焙烧时间为2.0h、电镀污泥与碳酸钠质量比为1:1、水浸时间为60 min的最佳浸出条件下,铬浸出率为99.3%;去除氢氧化铝、氢氧化锌的最佳反应温度和pH分别为90～95℃和7.5;去除硫酸钠晶体的最佳pH为4.0,在最佳试验条件下,铬回收率为90.57%.     

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Boundary-Layer Evolution on the Predictions of Ozone and the Efficacy of Emission Control Options in the Northeastern United States

This paper examines the effects of two different planetary boundary-layer (PBL) parameterization schemes – Blackadar and Gayno–Seaman – on the predicted ozone (O₃) concentration fields using the MM5 (Version 3.3) meteorological model and the MODELS-3 photochemical model. The meteorological fields obtained from the two boundary-layer schemes have been used to drive the photochemical model to simulate O₃ concentrations in the northeastern United States for a three-day O₃ episodic period. In addition to large differences in the predicted O₃ levels at individual grid cells, the simulated daily maximum 1-h O₃ concentrations appear at different regions of the modeling domain in these simulations, due to the differences in the vertical exchange formulations in these two PBL schemes. Using process analysis, we compared the differences between the different simulations in terms of the relative importance of chemical and physical processes to O₃ formation and destruction over the diurnal cycle. Finally, examination of the photochemical model's response to reductions in emissions reveals that the choice of equally valid boundary-layer parameterizations can significantly influence the efficacy of emission control strategies.     

Pt/生物炭电极反应器处理水中腐殖酸的研究

构建Pt/生物炭电极反应器,研究其对水中腐殖酸的去除效率和去除特性.结果表明,在电流密度为20 m A·cm~(-2)下反应300 min,Pt/生物炭电极反应器对水中腐殖酸的去除率为74.58%,较Pt/石墨电极反应器47.10%去除率提高58.3%.Pt/生物炭电极反应器对水中腐殖酸的去除主要通过电化学氧化和气浮作用.生物炭阴极比石墨阴极能产生更多的H_2O_2,是提高Pt/生物炭电极反应器对腐殖酸去除率的重要原因.三维荧光光谱和凝胶色谱法分析表明,Pt/生物炭电极反应器具有较强的氧化能力,可将较小分子量的腐殖酸直接矿化.研究结果显示生物炭可以作为一种新型电化学反应器的阴极材料用于对水中有机污染物处理.     

北京地区对流层低层臭氧及硫酸盐气溶胶的时空分布

基于OMI/Aura卫星资料,分析了北京地区2007~2016年近10a对流层O₃浓度（0~3km）、硫酸盐气溶胶光学厚度（0~2km）、SO₂（边界层以内）柱浓度时空演变特征.结果表明,近10a来北京地区O₃浓度总体呈现上升趋势,最低值在2007年,浓度为33.65 μg/m³;硫酸盐气溶胶污染总体变化呈现先下降后增长的趋势,2007年硫酸盐气溶胶污染最为严重,2011年污染最轻,对应的AOD值为0.252,但在2014年以后,硫酸盐气溶胶污染又出现增长趋势;SO₂浓度在2007~2016年总体呈现下降的变化趋势,且下降趋势明显,最高值为2007年,最低值出现在2016年,最低值比最高值降低了60.42%,但在2011年污染出现反弹.北京O₃季节变化明显,夏季高、春秋次之、冬季低;硫酸盐气溶胶污染季节特征与O₃相同;SO₂污染主要集中在冬季,采暖期污染程度高于非采暖期.     

基于观测的臭氧污染研究方法

总结了国内外研究中常用的基于外场观测的臭氧污染成因分析方法。区域传输和本地生成的相对贡献以及臭氧与前体物的非线性关系是研究臭氧污染和制定控制对策的两个关键科学问题。基于对观测数据的分析,常见的量化区域传输和本地生成贡献的方法包括背景点测量法、TCEQ区域背景臭氧估算法和主成分分析区域背景臭氧估算法;用于诊断臭氧光化学生成机制的方法包括光化学指示剂比值法和基于观测的化学模型。本文对上述方法的原理和应用情况进行了总结,并对其优缺点和适用条件进行了评述,以期为环境监测资料的深入科学分析提供参考和借鉴。