分光光度法快速测定水中苯酚

建立了简单、快速的测定水中苯酚的分光光度法。方法基于苯酚与硝普钠在有氨基的试剂盐酸羟胺存在下发生Berthelot颜色反应,生成靛酚染料,从而对苯酚进行光谱测定。考察了测定波长,pH值、Na2HP04-NaOH缓冲溶液用量,硝普钠的用量、盐酸羟胺的用量,反应时间对苯酚检测的影响。在优化的实验条件下,线性范围为0．05—0．5mg·L^-1（r=0．9996）。检出限为0．005mg·L^-1,对浓度为0．3mg·L^-1的苯酚样品溶液平行测定5次,RSD为1．32％。以上结果表明,此方法具有线性范围较宽,灵敏度和精密度较高,操作简便,易实现水质在线监测等特点。     

东京大学“环境三四郎”的活动特点及启示

东京大学“环境三四郎”是以探讨环境问题为主题的大学生组织。作者通过参与该组织的各项活动,结合调研其成立十七年以来的活动轨迹,分析总结各时期的活动特点后发现,不断创新,积极进取的组织活动模式是“环境三四郎”发展壮大的原动力,也是树立良好社会形象的基础。它们的做法及经验,值得我国高校学生组织学习和借鉴。     

松花江及哈尔滨市饮用水雌激素活性的调查与分析

利用固相萃取/酵母双杂交法调查了哈尔滨市饮用水及周边松花江水的雌激素活性.结果表明,松花江哈尔滨段江水在夏秋两季的雌激素活性［以雌二醇当量（EEQs）计］为528～965 pg·L^-1,其中上游水源地水雌激素活性水平较高.自来水厂对雌激素活性的去除率为34.6%～50.5%,整个水处理工艺并不能有效去除源水中的雌激素类物质,致使出厂水仍具有298～718 pg·L^-1的雌激素活性;自来水厂所采用的3种净水工艺中以混凝沉淀工艺对雌激素活性的去除最为稳定,去除率为11.4%～26.1%,占总去除的32.9%～69.0%,而砂滤与氯消毒工艺出水不稳定,雌激素活性有时较进水有升高现象发生.此外,由于管网配送过程中产生了二次污染,致使管网水雌激素活性较出厂水最高可升高44.9%.7次取样测得哈尔滨市管网水的雌激素活性为347～1 362 pg·L^-1,均值为738 pg·L^-1.     

Laboratory simulation of SO2 heterogeneous reactions on hematite surface under di erent SO2 concentrations

The variations of sulfate formation and optical coe cients during SO2 heterogeneous reactions on hematite surface under di erent SO2 concentrations were examined using in situ di use reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and ion chromatograph (IC). Laboratory experiments revealed that within ambient SO2 of 0.51–18.6 ppmv, sulfate product, producing velocity, absorption and backward scattering coe cients showed an increasing trend with SO2 concentration. Under given SO2 concentration, the velocity of sulfate producing performed an evolution of initial increasing, midterm decreasing and final stabilizing. The reactive uptake and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) uptake coe cients of heterogeneous reactions rose with SO2 and exhibited high reactivities. Considering global warming, this result is important for the knowledge of heterogeneous reactions of SO2 on mineral particle surface in the atmosphere and the assessment of their impacts on radiative forcing.     

纳米TiO_2的溶胶-微波法合成及其光催化性能研究

以钛酸四正丁酯为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法、溶胶-水热法及溶胶-微波法三种方法合成出纳米TiO2,借助XRD、UV-Vis吸收光谱等测试手段对其进行了表征,并以甲基橙为模型污染物,考察了样品的光催化性能。物相分析表明,所得样品均为锐钛矿相TiO2,与其它两种方法相比,溶胶-微波法合成的样品衍射峰明显宽化,强度明显降低,说明该法合成出纳米TiO2粒径较小;UV-Vis吸收光谱表明,溶胶-微波法合成的样品在可见光区和紫外光区对光均呈现更强的吸收,说明该法合成的粉末对光具有更高的利用率。光催化实验表明,溶胶-微波法合成样品的光催化活性高于另两种方法,紫外灯连续照射5h,甲基橙溶液脱色率为99.06%。此外,将该样品用于延安卷烟厂蒸叶车间废水的光催化氧化处理,效果较好,太阳光照射3d后COD去除率为77.4%。     

一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水的研究

研究了一体式膜生物反应器对生活污水的处理效果。实验结果表明,膜生物反应器对COD、TOC、NH4+-N、TN、TP的平均去除率为93.4%、96.2%、97.2%、63.8%、60.6%,并且污泥活性随着运行时间的延长而有所降低。     

Model-based zero emission safety concept for reactors with exothermal reactions for chemical plants

To avoid major accidents caused by runaway reactions, a new safety concept called SmartHIP¹ is introduced, with the objective to prevent runaway reactions and avoid emissions. The basic principle is based on an online model-based approach by using safety instrumented systems. Different criteria exist for calculating the hazard potential of a runaway reaction and its early detection. The approaches of the literature from the last years are analysed and divided into three different groups: Divergence, Accumulation and Adiabatic Criterion. Each approach is compared to the other by applying it to an esterification reaction of acetic anhydride with methanol. The approaches are evaluated according to different requirements, like accuracy, wide range of application or reliability.     

自然崩落法顶板稳定性监测分析与预警研究*

为有效预警自然崩落法开采过程中顶板大面积崩落,确定顶板失稳预警期,基于微震、时域反射、钻孔电视等综合监测数据,研究岩体失稳过程点监测数据及微震活动性参数变化特征。结果表明:基于多源参数可有效预警顶板失稳事件,但点监测无法兼顾整个采区顶板,大尺度区域性监测主要依靠微震监测系统;根据顶板失稳事件前后b值、累积视体积、能量指数、施密特数等微震活动性参数变化特征,确定普朗铜矿顶板失稳预警期为24 d。研究结果可为后续整个采区其他区域顶板稳定性监测预警工作提供借鉴。     

基于空位溶液与DA理论的多组分气体吸附方法及验证*

为准确预测煤层气中多组分气体的吸附性能,将空位溶液与Dubinbin-Astakhov（DA）理论相结合,提出1种适用于煤层气吸附系统的多组分混合吸附模型。在模型中,吸附体系被视为气体与假设的“空位溶质”的多元混合物,吸附体系视为气相和吸附相空位溶质之间的平衡。结果表明:根据单组分气体吸附等温线,采用D-A方程计算分析了生成二元（吸附质+空位）混合物中纯组分气体的活度系数,并优化吸附参数;模型能够根据在单一温度下收集的纯组分吸附数据预测不同温度下的多组分气体吸附;模型计算结果与实测结果吻合良好,误差在10%以内,充分说明模型是切实可靠的。     

An acanthocephalan parasite increases the salinity tolerance of the freshwater amphipod <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gammarus roeseli</Emphasis> (Crustacea: Gammaridae)

Studies of the influence of parasites on host fitness generally conclude that parasites have a strong negative effect on their hosts. In this study, we have investigated experimentally the role of Polymorphus minutus, an acanthocephalan parasite, on the salinity tolerance of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus roeseli, one of its intermediate hosts. Unexpectedly, P. minutus-infected gammarids were more tolerant to salinity stress than uninfected ones. The mean lethal salt concentrations for 50% mortality of hosts tested were 17.3 (infected) and 9.7 g/L (uninfected). The parasitic load (one or two parasites per host) did not affect the result. The size of hosts had no significant influence on the salinity tolerance of either infected or uninfected gammarids. The mobility of all types of gammarid decreased when the salinity exceeded 9.0 g/L, but there was no significant difference between infected and uninfected gammarids. We discuss the higher salinity tolerance of infected amphipods in relation to O₂ consumption and osmoregulation. Finally, we demonstrate that the salinity tolerance is enhanced in the parasitized amphipod but without a significant change in behavior or an osmoregulatory adjustment.