Persistence of Forest Birds in the Costa Rican Agricultural Countryside

Abstract:  Understanding the persistence mechanisms of tropical forest species in human-dominated landscapes is a fundamental challenge of tropical ecology and conservation. Many species, including more than half of Costa Rica's native land birds, use mostly deforested agricultural countryside, but how they do so is poorly known. Do they commute regularly to forest or can some species survive in this human-dominated landscape year-round? Using radiotelemetry, we detailed the habitat use, movement, foraging, and nesting patterns of three bird species, Catharus aurantiirostris , Tangara icterocephala , and Turdus assimilis , by obtaining 8101 locations from 156 individuals. We chose forest birds that varied in their vulnerability to deforestation and were representative of the species found both in forest and human-dominated landscapes. Our study species did not commute from extensive forest; rather, they fed and bred in the agricultural countryside. Nevertheless, T. icterocephala and T. assimilis , which are more habitat sensitive, were highly dependent on the remaining trees. Although trees constituted only 11% of land cover, these birds spent 69% to 85% of their time in them. Breeding success of C. aurantiirostris and T. icterocephala in deforested habitats was not different than in forest remnants, where T. assimilis experienced reduced breeding success. Although this suggests an ecological trap for T. assimilis , higher fledgling survival in forest remnants may make up for lower productivity. Tropical countryside has high potential conservation value, which can be enhanced with even modest increases in tree cover. Our findings have applicability to many human-dominated tropical areas that have the potential to conserve substantial biodiversity if appropriate restoration measures are taken.     

扎龙湿地的生态修复研究

扎龙湿地是中国和国际重要湿地,扎龙湿地于1992年被联合国教科文组织列入“世界重要湿地名录”中。近几年来扎龙湿地水质污染逐年加重,已造成湿地面积不断缩小,湿地生态功能退化。本文对扎龙湿地的生态修复研究的必要性,扎龙湿地突出的生态环境问题,扎龙湿地生态环境主要研究内容,研究方法和预期目标进行了论述。本文对开展扎龙湿地生态修复研究具有重要意义。     

北京地区对流层低层臭氧及硫酸盐气溶胶的时空分布

基于OMI/Aura卫星资料,分析了北京地区2007~2016年近10a对流层O₃浓度（0~3km）、硫酸盐气溶胶光学厚度（0~2km）、SO₂（边界层以内）柱浓度时空演变特征.结果表明,近10a来北京地区O₃浓度总体呈现上升趋势,最低值在2007年,浓度为33.65 μg/m³;硫酸盐气溶胶污染总体变化呈现先下降后增长的趋势,2007年硫酸盐气溶胶污染最为严重,2011年污染最轻,对应的AOD值为0.252,但在2014年以后,硫酸盐气溶胶污染又出现增长趋势;SO₂浓度在2007~2016年总体呈现下降的变化趋势,且下降趋势明显,最高值为2007年,最低值出现在2016年,最低值比最高值降低了60.42%,但在2011年污染出现反弹.北京O₃季节变化明显,夏季高、春秋次之、冬季低;硫酸盐气溶胶污染季节特征与O₃相同;SO₂污染主要集中在冬季,采暖期污染程度高于非采暖期.     

模拟日光照射下土霉素的复合光化学转化动力学及环境归趋

环境水体中存在众多可解离的有机污染物,而不同的解离形态表现出相异的环境行为,如光化学反应活性和归趋.本文以土霉素(OTC)为例,研究了水中可解离化合物的表观光降解、光氧化等复合光化学转化动力学,并揭示了其相应的环境光化学归趋和贡献.模拟日光(λ290nm)照射下,OTC的光降解遵循准一级反应动力学,光解速率常数(k)对pH表现出明显的依赖性.这是由于随pH值升高,解离形态(i)从OTCH_2~0、OTCH~-到OTC~(2-)渐变,相应的k_i和量子产率(Φ_i)显著增大.竞争动力学实验进一步表明,·OH和~1O_2均可以氧化降解OTC,且降解速率随着pH的增大而加快.这与3种解离形态不同的去质子化程度和氧化反应活性有关.去质子化增加化合物的电子密度,利于活性氧物种的亲电攻击,从而促进光氧化反应.基于以上OTC解离形态的不同光化学转化活性,评估了环境表层水体(pH=6~9)中的复合光化学转化半减期(t_(1/2,E)).t_(1/2,E)值依赖于基质pH和季节,北纬45°晴天正午,t_(1/2,E)在0.131 h(仲夏,pH=9)到3.63 h(仲冬,pH=6)之间.多数情况下,OTC的表观光解是其最主要的光化学转化途径,~1O_2氧化次之,而·OH氧化的贡献非常小.以上结果证明了OTC不同解离形态具有不同的光化学转化动力学.因此,为了准确评价水环境中抗生素等可解离有机污染物的光化学归趋和风险,有必要综合考虑所有解离形态的复合光化学行为.     

不同植被带生态恢复过程土壤团聚体及其稳定性——以黄土高原为例

为分析黄土高原不同植被带植被恢复对土壤团聚体分布特征及其稳定性的影响,以黄土高原从北到南不同纬度梯度分布的3个典型植被类型区域（草原带、森林草原带和森林带）为研究对象,对不同植被类型和恢复年限下的土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性进行了研究.结果表明：不同植被带对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性影响显著,大于0.25mm团聚体含量（WR_0.25）、水稳性团聚体平均重量直径（E_WMD）、水稳性团聚体几何平均直径（E_GMD）和有机质含量（SOM）整体上均表现为：森林带 > 森林草原带 > 草原带.不同植被带下不同恢复类型对土壤团聚体及其稳定性影响不一,森林草原带表现为灌木 > 草地 > 乔木,森林带则表现为乔木 > 草地.随植被恢复年限增大,各种恢复类型WR_0.25、E_GMD、SOM整体呈逐渐增加趋势,团聚体结构破坏率（PAD）和可蚀性因子（K）呈现相反的变化趋势;分形维数（D）无显著差异.冗余分析表明,植被带对土壤团聚体及其稳定性的影响最大,其次是恢复年限,恢复类型与植被带和恢复年限具有较强的交互作用.本研究有利于加强对区域生态恢复过程机理的认识.     

ADDITION OF SPURS TO STONE TOE PROTECTION FOR WARMWATER FISH HABITAT REHABILITATION1

ABSTRACT: Longitudinal stone toe is one of the most reliable and economically attractive approaches for stabilizing eroding banks in incised channels. However, aquatic habitat provided by stone toe is inferior to that provided by spur dikes. In order to test a design that combined features of stone toe and spurs, eleven stone spurs were placed perpendicular to 170 m of existing stone toe in Goodwin Creek, Mississippi, and willow posts were planted in the sandbar on the opposite bank. Response was evaluated by monitoring fish and habitats in the treated reach and an adjacent comparison reach (willow post planting and standard toe without spurs) for four years. Furthermore, physical habitats within the treated reach were compared with seven reaches protected with standard toe on a single date three years after construction. Overall results indicated that spur addition resulted in modest increases in baseflow stony bankline, water width and pool habitat availability, but had only local effects on depth. These relatively small changes in physical habitat were exaggerated seasonally by beaver dams that appeared during periods of prolonged low flow in late Summer and Autumn. Physical changes were accompanied by shifts in fish species composition away from a run-dwelling assemblage dominated by large numbers of cyprinids and immature centrarchids toward an assemblage containing fewer and larger centrarchids. Biological responses were at least partially due to the effects of temporary beaver dams.     

Postfire Logging in Riparian Areas

Abstract:  We reviewed the behavior of wildfire in riparian zones, primarily in the western United States, and the potential ecological consequences of postfire logging. Fire behavior in riparian zones is complex, but many aquatic and riparian organisms exhibit a suite of adaptations that allow relatively rapid recovery after fire. Unless constrained by other factors, fish tend to rebound relatively quickly, usually within a decade after a wildfire. Additionally, fire and subsequent erosion events contribute wood and coarse sediment that can create and maintain productive aquatic habitats over time. The potential effects of postfire logging in riparian areas depend on the landscape context and disturbance history of a site; however, available evidence suggests two key management implications: (1) fire in riparian areas creates conditions that may not require intervention to sustain the long-term productivity of the aquatic network and (2) protection of burned riparian areas gives priority to what is left rather than what is removed. Research is needed to determine how postfire logging in riparian areas has affected the spread of invasive species and the vulnerability of upland forests to insect and disease outbreaks and how postfire logging will affect the frequency and behavior of future fires. The effectiveness of using postfire logging to restore desired riparian structure and function is therefore unproven, but such projects are gaining interest with the departure of forest conditions from those that existed prior to timber harvest, fire suppression, and climate change. In the absence of reliable information about the potential consequence of postfire timber harvest, we conclude that providing postfire riparian zones with the same environmental protections they received before they burned is justified ecologically. Without a commitment to monitor management experiments, the effects of postfire riparian logging will remain unknown and highly contentious.     

湿地生态系统固碳潜力研究进展

固碳是湿地生态系统一项重要的服务功能。文章通过对各种类型湿地的固碳量及其潜力进行分析,发现湿地的固碳潜力要高于其他类型的生态系统,维持和恢复湿地的固碳潜力对全球碳循环具有重要的意义。如果湿地遭到破坏或转为他用,其固碳能力就会随之下降,所以保护湿地是保证湿地固碳潜力优先考虑的管理措施。此外通过对泥炭湿地、沿海湿地、森林湿地和人工湿地的恢复措施及效果的分析,发现恢复和创造湿地可以恢复并增强湿地生态系统的固碳潜力,但针对湿地碳库的固碳措施需要进一步的探索和实践。     

宁夏荒漠草原恢复演替过程中物种多样性与生产力的变化

荒漠草原一直是生态学者关注的焦点。文章以宁夏灵武的荒漠草原区为研究对象,对围栏条件下退化群落的物种多样性、生产力和群落演替及其生态机制进行探讨,为荒漠草原的植被恢复和重建提供理论基础。结果表明:群落生产力除受物种多样性的影响外,也受物种本身特征和环境资源的影响。在荒漠草原中功能群盖度与群落初级生产力无显著的相关关系。荒漠植物群落物种多样性指数在时间尺度上的变化表现为随着围栏时间的延续逐渐增加,而生态优势度变化趋势则相反。在不同年份年降水量直接影响植物群落物种数的多少、丰富度和生产力。     

子午岭植被演替过程中土壤生物学特性的动态

土壤生物学特性在土壤有机质的形成和降解、营养循环等方面起重要作用。植被的恢复演替显著影响土壤生物学特性,尤其影响土壤酶活性。植被演替过程中土壤酶活性的研究结果表明,随着植被恢复年限的延长,土壤脲酶和转化酶的活性逐渐提高,17 a达到最大值,随后有所降低。土壤酶活性和土壤化学特性和微生物量的相关性分析表明,土壤转化酶和脲酶不仅互相之间具有显著的相关性,而且它们与土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物碳氮之间都具有显著的正相关性,说明土壤酶活性与土壤有机质紧密相关,与微生物的大小紧密相关,所以土壤酶活性可以表征土壤生物学肥力。