河岸混合植物带改善河水水质的现场研究

在1年的时间里在现场利用混合植物河岸带、无植物空白带对受污染河水进行处理.对COD、NH 4、TP、浊度和水温进行了监测,并比较了不同季节里混合植物带改善河水水质的效果.混合植物带在夏、秋季改善河水水质的效果好于冬、春季.混合植物带在夏季对COD、NH4 -N、TP和浊度的去除率分别为37.01%、69.21%、62.45%和99.17%,在冬季对河水水质也有一定程度的改善.混合植物带可以降低河水温度及河水早晚温差,起到改善局部水环境的作用.混合植物带与空白带的对比表明植物对去除水中污染物、改善局部水环境起着重要作用.     

复合生态滤床用于重金属污染地表水体修复

以蛭石为滤床基质,研究了复合生态滤床对受重金属污染地表水体的修复效能.结果表明,复合生态滤床对重金属污染水体有较好的处理效果,在水力负荷为2.0m3·m-2·d-1时,系统对Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的平均去除率分别达到81.60%、80.55%、83.20%、62.21%;按照国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002),出水重金属浓度达到Ⅱ类水质标准;出水COD值为9.7～38.3mg·L-1,达到Ⅰ类水质标准;出水NH4+-N达到1mg·L-1以下,达到Ⅲ类水质标准.滤床基质中铜离子含量稳定在30mg·kg-1左右,表明植物根系可以有效地吸收蛭石吸附的重金属,从而有效提高蛭石的再吸附能力,延长滤床工作周期.     

最大光能转化效率FV/FM用于城市人工水体藻华的监控预警

结合2012年5—10月对上海市区2个典型城市人工水体藻华过程叶绿素、最大光能转化效率FV/FM变化,及其与水质指标的关系,研究FV/FM用作城市人工水体藻华监控预警指标的可行性。结果表明,曲阳公园、黄兴公园的FV/FM分别在0.57~0.71和0.58~0.63之间;人工模拟昼夜日照和温度变化培养曲阳公园藻华的水藻得到,藻类生长适应期FV/FMFV/FM>0.60,FV/FM与藻类生物量无显著相关性,仅反映藻类所处生长阶段。分析FV/FM和叶绿素a与浊度、COD、TN、TP的相关性得到,FV/FM能兼顾藻类在富营养化水体中的生理环境和生长特性,综合反映了藻华在城市人工水体形成相关的物理、化学、生长特性等因素,对研究水体FV/FM=0.63可作为预警水体藻华发生的阈值。研究成果为城市人工水体藻华暴发的监控、预警提供新的途径和方法。     

Economic Development,Rural livelihoods,and Ecological Restoration: Evidence from China

This article uses a case study in Southeast China to demonstrate how the substantial changes in rural livelihoods have been driven by a combination of “pull” forces from external economic development, and “push” forces from local areas, leading to a shift in rural household economic activities: household outmigration and de-population of the countryside, changes in energy consumption, and most importantly, changes in land uses and eventually, ecological restoration. Such dramatic changes are becoming common across the Chinese countryside. It is pointed out that economic development has generally caused a deterioration of the environment at least at the early period of economic growth, but the positive impacts, especially in some ecosystem in rural areas, have become more apparent.     

松嫩平原芦苇湿地退化与修复过程中土壤细菌和甲烷代谢微生物的群落结构

湿地是全球CH₄重要的源与汇.受人为活动和气候条件影响,我国湿地退化严重,相关部门近年来已逐步开展湿地生态修复的工作.为研究湿地退化与修复过程中细菌和甲烷代谢微生物群落结构的响应,以松嫩平原芦苇湿地为研究对象,采集原始未退化芦苇湿地土壤、退化的和正在修复的芦苇湿地土壤,采用基于细菌16S rRNA基因、产甲烷菌mcrA基因和甲烷氧化菌pmoA基因的高通量测序技术研究细菌和甲烷代谢微生物的多样性和群落组成.结果表明,芦苇湿地退化导致土壤细菌和产甲烷菌的α多样性降低,甲烷氧化菌的α多样性升高,而细菌和产甲烷菌的α多样性与土壤含水率呈显著正相关关系,含水率越高的湿地土壤产甲烷菌的多样性也越高.原始未退化芦苇湿地土壤中细菌Rhizobiales和产甲烷菌Methanobacteriaceae的相对丰度较高;湿地退化导致根际促生菌Rhizobiales的相对丰度下降,致病菌Burkholderiaceae、耐污染细菌Sphingomonas、抗辐射细菌Rubrobacter以及Type Ⅰ型耐受极端环境的甲烷好氧氧化菌Methylobacter、Methylomonas和Methylococcus的相对丰度上升;正在修复的芦苇湿地土壤中细菌Bacillus和产甲烷菌Methanosarcinaceae、Methanomicrobiaceae以及Type Ⅱ型甲烷好氧氧化菌Methylocystis的相对丰度较高.因此,不同的芦苇湿地状态可以间接改变土壤性状进而改变湿地甲烷代谢菌群落结构.     

Hydrological regime and salinity alter the bioavailability of Cu and Zn in wetlands

In the context of the European Water Framework Directive, controlled flooding of lowlands is considered as a potential water management strategy to minimise the risk of flooding of inhabited areas. However, due to historical pollution and overbank sedimentation, metal levels are elevated in most wetlands, which can cause adverse effects on the ecosystem's dynamics. Additionally, salinity affects the bioavailability of metals present or imported into these systems. The effect of different flooding regimes and salinity exposure scenarios (fresh- and brackish water conditions) on Cu and Zn accumulation in the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex (Müller, 1774) was examined. Metal mobility was closely linked to redox potential, which is directly related to the prevalent hydrological regime. Flooded, and thus more reduced, conditions minimized the availability of metals, while oxidation of the substrates during a drier period was associated with a rapid increase of metal availability and accumulation in the oligochaetes.     

农业废弃生物质盐浸提液淋洗镉锌污染土壤

为了寻找成本低廉、环境友好、高效的重金属Cd和Zn淋洗剂,选取雅安市汉源县矿区污染土壤作为供试土壤,采用浓度0.3% KCl盐溶液提取金针菇菌渣(FVr)、茶树菇菌渣(AAr)、花生壳(AHL)和甘蔗皮(SOr)4种农业废弃生物质材料所得浸提液作为淋洗剂,通过恒温振荡淋洗实验探讨上述淋洗剂不同浓度、pH和时间条件下对污染土壤中镉(Cd)和锌(Zn)的淋洗效果。结果表明,4种生物质材料盐浸提液对Cd的淋洗率依次为FVr > SOr > AHL > AAr;对Zn的淋洗率则依次为SOr > FVr > AHL > AAr。随浓度上升,除FVr盐浸提液对土壤Cd和Zn的淋洗率呈线性增加外,其余盐浸提液对其淋洗率呈幂函数增长趋势。随pH增加,FVr和AAr、AHL和SOr盐浸提液对Cd和Zn的淋洗率分别呈对数、幂函数下降趋势(P<0.01)。随淋洗时间延长,4种生物质盐浸提液对土壤Cd和Zn的淋洗率变化均呈对数增加趋势(P<0.01)。综合淋洗率和土壤性质的变化,FVr与SOr盐浸提液在浓度为7%,pH为3的条件下持续振荡淋洗1 h可达到最佳淋洗效果,其对Cd的淋洗率分别为76.38%和49.54%;对Zn的淋洗率分别为29.24%和30.75%。FVr和SOr是具有一定潜力的重金属污染土壤修复生物质材料。     

国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项“天津滨海工业带废水污染控制与生态修复综合示范”项目的主要研究成果及其应用

针对天津滨海工业带当前面临的有限的水环境容量、水生态承载力与密集的工业排放强度之间的矛盾,部署了国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项项目“天津滨海工业带废水污染控制与生态修复综合示范”。依托该项目,开展了天津滨海工业带水生态环境精细化管理、“减排-扩容-保安全”模式下的工业园区高标准排放、突发水环境风险应急管控等研究工作,集成构建了水资源、水环境、水生态、水安全统筹兼顾的天津滨海工业带“负荷零增长”水环境管理技术体系、滨海工业带工业园区高标准排放与生态修复技术体系和“查-控-处”一体化的水环境风险管控体系。依托该项目研发的技术体系在天津滨海工业带进行了示范与应用,实现了滨海工业带水生态环境空间管控、水质目标精细化管理和基于差异化区域总量的排污许可管理等核心管理技术的有效衔接;在国内首次系统解决了滨海工业带工业园区污水处理厂最严格的准IV类排放稳定达标问题,首次提出了统筹初期雨水强化预处理的滨海工业带多功能人工湿地协同构建模式;建成了国内首个大型环境应急装备物资库与风险管控平台,形成了系统化应急技术与装备体系,填补了天津滨海工业带环境风险管控的空白。     

Fe(Ⅲ)微生物还原机理及其研究进展

厌氧异养型微生物还原Fe(Ⅲ)的同时可以氧化降解有机物,在污染环境修复中具有积极的作用.目前对Fe(Ⅲ)微生物还原的物理、生物化学特性的认识还十分有限.总结了近年来自然环境中Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌的单菌种分离情况和混合菌的降解作用,探讨了Fe(Ⅲ)还原以及有机物降解的机理,分析了Fe(Ⅲ)可能对微生物产生的抑制作用,并提出了进一步研究的方向.     

Remediation of metal polluted mine soil with compost: co-composting versus incorporation

Trace element contamination of post-industrial sites represents a major environmental problem and sustainable management options for remediating them are required. This study compared two strategies for immobilizing trace elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, and As) in mine spoil: (1) co-composting contaminated soil with organic wastes and (2) conventional incorporation of mature compost into contaminated soil. Sequential chemical extraction of the soil was performed to determine temporal changes in trace element fractionation and bioavailability during composting and plant growth. We show that mine spoil can be co-composted successfully and this action causes significant shifts in metal availability. However, co-composting did not lead to significant differences in metal partitioning in soil or in plant metal uptake compared with simply mixing mine spoil with mature compost. Both treatments promoted plant growth and reduced metal accumulation in plants. We conclude that co-composting provides little additional benefit for remediating trace-element-polluted soil compared with incorporation of compost.