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601.
Lignite mining and processing has caused a pronounced impact both directly and indirectly on soils and ecosystems across large
areas of the former GDR. We studied soils of pine forest ecosystems at sites affected by severe alkaline dust and sulphur
deposition, stemming from lignite fired power plant emission, and at dumped sites from lignite mining. In this paper we summarize
our main results and evaluate the long-term impact of lignite mining and combustion on the environment.
The pine ecosystems on naturally developed soils show a clear effect of deposition history along a former deposition gradient
with distinct changes in chemical properties of organic surface layers and mineral soil as well as in element turnover and
cycling rates.
Afforested sites on mining dumps are directly affected by the composition of the dumped substrates. Over a large area (800
km2) these substrates are dominated by Tertiary sediments with varying amounts of lignitic particles and pyrite that result in
phytotoxic site conditions (pH < 3, high salt and metal contents). High amelioration doses of liming material (up to 200 t
ha−1) were applied for restoration purposes. We studied the development of these sites over a period of 60 years using a false-time
series approach. Beside the extreme soil conditions, element budgets of these sites are characterized by very high element
release rates over decades caused by pyrite oxidation and primary mineral weathering. 相似文献
602.
随着水污染的不断加剧,我国正面临着治理水污染和恢复水体的双重任务。水体生态恢复的实质就是恢复并维持水体生态系统功能为人类经济活动服务。因此,探讨其经济学原理,特别是市场运作机制的产生、发展和完善,对水体生态恢复的实施起着至关重要的作用。在论述水体生态恢复的价值的基础上,探讨了维系水体生态恢复的市场运作机制的要素:污染水体产权和交易市场的形成,建立有效的市场行为以及水体生态恢复的多元化投资,并提出了相应的建议和措施。 相似文献
603.
The goal of this research was to evaluate the relative effects of root density, freeze/thaw cycling, and soil properties on the erodibility and critical shear stress of streambanks. The erodibility and critical shear stress of rooted bank soils were measured in situ at 25 field sites using a submerged jet test device; several soil, vegetation, and stream chemistry characteristics shown to influence soil erosion were also assessed. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine those factors that most influenced streambank erodibility and the relative impact of riparian vegetation. Study results indicated that soil erosion is a complex phenomenon that depends primarily on soil bulk density. Freeze/thaw cycling, soil antecedent moisture content, the density of roots with diameters of 2 to 20 mm, soil texture, and the interaction of soil pore water and stream water had a significant impact on soil erodibility and critical shear stress, depending on soil type. Riparian vegetation had multiple significant effects on soil erodibility. In addition to reducing soil erodibility through root reinforcement, the streamside vegetation affected soil moisture and altered the local microclimate, which in turn affected freeze/thaw cycling (FTC). This study represents the first in situ testing of the erodibility of vegetated streambanks and provides a quantitative analysis on the effects of vegetation on streambank erosion, relative to other soil physical and chemical parameters. 相似文献
604.
Kathleen A. Dwire Sandra E. Ryan Laura J. Shirley Danna Lytjen Nick Otting Mark K. Dixon 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(1):201-212
Streamside vegetation frequently regenerates faster than upland vegetation following wildland fire and contributes to the recovery of riparian and stream ecosystems. Limited data are available, however, on the post‐fire growth of riparian species and the influence of herbivory on regeneration. To determine post‐fire regrowth of riparian vegetation, height, crown area, crown volume, and browse levels were measured for key riparian shrub species in streamside burned and unburned plots along second‐order streams in western Wyoming. Shrubs in the burned plots were subject to high levels of browse ‐ up to 84 percent of the leaders were browsed ‐ by native ungulates in 2002, the second post‐fire year (September 2001 to September 2002). In summer 2003, the burned watershed was also grazed by livestock, resulting in increased browse levels and decreased shrub heights for several species. In the third post‐fire year, September 2002 to September 2003, four of the six most common species showed no increase in crown area or crown volume, indicating that the combination of native ungulate and cattle browsing suppressed their growth. Potential impacts of grazing on post‐fire recovery of stream and riparian ecosystems are discussed. 相似文献
605.
Rebecca S. Wargo Richard N. Weisman 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(4):989-995
ABSTRACT: Single‐barrel culverts are a common means of roadway crossings for smaller streams. While this culvert design provides an economical solution for a crossing, the adverse effects of conveying the stream through a single opening can be far reaching. The single‐barrel culvert is typically sized for a design storm much greater than the channel forming discharge. This oversizing causes an interruption of the normal flow patterns and sediment transport for the system. Shallow depths at low flow in the pipe and perching at the outlet can impede fish passage. Multicell culverts (where the main culvert at the channel invert is sized for bankfull discharge, and additional pipes are placed at the floodplain elevation to convey overbank flow up to the design discharge) have been recommended as a best management practice to minimize erosion and improve fish passage. This flume study scaled a prototype single‐barrel culvert to both a single‐cell model, and a multicell design to compare outlet scour and flow depths within the culvert. The results provide designers and planners with evidence of the benefits of multicell culverts to justify the higher cost of installation compared to single‐barrel culverts. 相似文献
606.
Sue L. Niezgoda Peggy A. Johnson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(6):1597-1613
Abstract: Natural channel designs often incorporate rigid instream structures to protect channel banks, provide grade control, promote flow deflection, or otherwise improve channel stability. The long term impact of rigid structures on natural stream processes is relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to use long term alluvial channel modeling to evaluate the effect of rigid structures on channel processes and assess current and future stream channel stability. The study was conducted on Oliver Run, a small stream in Pennsylvania relocated due to highway construction. Field data were collected for one year along the 107 m reach to characterize the stream and provide model input, calibration, and verification data. FLUVIAL-12 was used to evaluate the long term impacts of rigid structures on natural channel adjustment, overall channel stability, and changing form and processes. Based on a consideration of model limitations and results, it was concluded that the presence of rigid structures reduced channel width-to-depth ratios, minimized bed elevation changes due to long term aggradation and degradation, limited lateral channel migration, and increased the mean bed material particle size throughout the reach. Results also showed how alluvial channel modeling can be used to improve the stream restoration design effort. 相似文献
607.
Artemisia californica, represented nearly 100% of the species present at the end of two growing seasons. Irrigation may speed revegetation under
some conditions, but was not very effective in establishing natural vegetation structure. 相似文献
608.
609.
利用热解析-气相色谱-同位素质谱联用仪测定了兰州市冬季和夏季昼夜大气非甲烷烃(NMHCs)的稳定碳同位素组成.结果表明,兰州市冬季大气NMHCs的δ13C值为-30.5‰~-24.3‰,夏季为-31.9‰~-24.2%,受燃煤烟气排放的影响,冬季大气NMHCs的δ13C值明显大于夏季;冬季大气NMHCs的δ13C值夜晚大于白天,夏季不同时间点C4、C5化合物的同位素值相差不大,正己烷和正庚烷的δ13C值白天比夜晚要高.利用"碳氢化合物同位素时钟"计算出正己烷和1-丁烯在兰州市夏季大气中的平均光化学寿命分别约为6d和25min. 相似文献
610.
镇江滨江湿地受损植被诊断及修复研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
镇江滨江湿地沿长江岸线,依附镇江市市北,是由江水所携泥沙常年淤积而成。湿地内植被茂盛,物种丰富。但近年的污染排放及渔民围网捕鱼,植被破坏严重,湿地生态功能遭到削弱。研究通过对位于大东沟排污口的受损植被与另一处于相同演替阶段的健康植被比较,识别受损植被的致损因子,并分析其对群落结构及其演替进程的影响。结果显示,污染排放和当地渔民的围网捕鱼是导致大东沟片植被处于中等程度退化的主要因子。在植被的修复中,基于次生演替理论和自设计理论,采用工程技术和优势种栽培技术相结合原则,实现污染控制和加速植被的恢复。 相似文献