21世纪初我国粮食供需的新空间格局

利用2000-2003年县级统计数据,揭示21世纪初我国粮食供需的空间格局。我国粮食供需平衡以东西分异规律为主,其次是南北分异。地势第二级阶梯以东,主要余粮区分布最广,北方明显多于南方;胡焕庸线以西,常年缺粮区为主;两线之间,潜在缺粮区居多。东北地区、华北平原生产全国近70%的余粮。长江中下游以南地区既是我国温饱水平缺粮总数最多的地区,也是第三大余粮生产区。地势第二级阶梯上的农牧交错带,温饱水平缺粮总量列第二位,是我国粮食安全最脆弱的地区。上述地区主要位于环境变化敏感地带,粮食安全自然风险最大。因此,加强环境变化对粮食供需平衡的影响研究,对深入认识我国粮食供需平衡的稳定性具有重要的现实意义和理论价值。     

PM2.5 chemical source profiles for vehicle exhaust, vegetative burning, geological material, and coal burning in Northwestern Colorado during 1995

PM_2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) chemical source profiles applicable to speciated emissions inventories and receptor model source apportionment are reported for geological material, motor vehicle exhaust, residential coal (RCC) and wood combustion (RWC), forest fires, geothermal hot springs; and coal-fired power generation units from northwestern Colorado during 1995. Fuels and combustion conditions are similar to those of other communities of the inland western US. Coal-fired power station profiles differed substantially between different units using similar coals, with the major difference being lack of selenium in emissions from the only unit that was equipped with a dry limestone sulfur dioxide (SO₂) scrubber. SO₂ abundances relative to fine particle mass emissions in power plant emissions were seven to nine times higher than hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) abundances from geothermal springs, and one to two orders of magnitude higher than SO₂ abundances in RCC emissions, implying that the SO₂ abundance is an important marker for primary particle contributions of non-aged coal-fired power station contributions. The sum of organic and elemental carbon ranged from 1% to 10% of fine particle mass in coal-fired power plant emissions, from 5% to 10% in geological material, >50% in forest fire emissions, >60% in RWC emissions, and >95% in RCC and vehicle exhaust emissions. Water-soluble potassium (K⁺) was most abundant in vegetative burning profiles. K⁺/K ratios ranged from 0.1 in geological material profiles to 0.9 in vegetative burning emissions, confirming previous observations that soluble potassium is a good marker for vegetative burning.     

应用化学质量平衡模型解析烟台市污染源的排放贡献率

根据烟台地区污染排放特点,应用化学质量平衡模型（CMB8）进行污染源解析分析,得出每个污染源对于受体地区颗粒物体样本的排放贡献率。最终的模型结果显示,建筑尘和居民烯煤锅炉排放,海洋尘和冶炼厂排放对于大气环境污染也有一定的贡献,以上分析可以为城市污染源治理提供一定的依据。     

甘肃省农田水分平衡及其时空分布规律

采用农田水量平衡模型,以县域为基本单元,对甘肃省1961～2001年10种作物逐月天然状态下农田水分平衡时空分布规律进行了研究。结果表明:天然状态下,甘肃省多年平均农田需水量为121.06×10⁸m3;亏水量为43.28×10⁸m3;盈水量为0.62×10⁸m3,降水不能满足作物生长需求。在25%、50%、75%三种降水保证率下,作物的亏水总量分为35.99×10⁸m3、42.93×10⁸m3、49.85×10⁸m3,盈水量分别为0.61×10⁸m3、0.11×10⁸m3、0.00×10⁸m3。农田水分亏缺是甘肃省农田水分平衡的主要特征。对大多数作物而言,亏水量集中于夏季,10种作物夏季亏水总量占全年亏水总量的60.2%。全生育期棉花水分盈亏的稳定性最强,水量盈亏变异系数为6.9%,麻类最差,变异系数高达43.6%。全省天然状态下,农田亏水量由东南向西北、高山向河谷递增,农田盈水量由东南向西北递减,农田水分满足率与农田水分盈亏波动性具有从东南向西北递减的趋势。     

城市污泥好氧堆肥物料平衡计算分析

根据好氧堆肥机理和物料平衡关系研究城市污泥好氧堆肥过程,给出了污泥预处理过程中若干平衡方程,可用这几个方程计算调节剂添加量等参数,还分别建立了好氧堆肥过程中固、液、气三相平衡关系的计算方程,有助于好氧堆肥工程的设计。     

Acceleration of the particulate organic matter hydrolysis by start-up stage recovery and its original microbial mechanism

• Carbon availability was partially solved by POM recovery and fermentation. • 12% carbon sources were regenerated by fermentation of the entrapped 35% TCOD. • The unique microbial communities facilitated the efficient hydrolysis of the POM. • Considerable economic benefits in aeration power and ECS dosage were anticipated. To address the availability of carbon sources for denitrification, the accelerated hydrolysis of the most abundant but low-availability fraction of particulate organic matter (POM) was investigated. Mesh sieves with different pore sizes were used as primary pretreatment at the start-up-stage of the biological process to separate some POM from the liquid system. The changes in soluble carbohydrates and proteins were monitored to investigate the hydrolysis performance of the sieved POM, with waste activated sludge (WAS) as the control test. The results showed that an average of 35% POM could be entrapped before filtrate mat development. In addition, benefiting from the high polysaccharides concentration, as well as the high availability due to the relatively loose physical structure, a 23% hydrolysis efficiency of POM was obtained, in contrast to that of WAS (3.4%), with a hydrolysis constant of 0.39 h⁻¹. The prominent performance was also attributed to the unique microbial communities having been domesticated at a lower temperature, especially the cellulose-degrading bacteria Paraclostridium and psychrophile Psychrobacter, making up 6.94% and 2.56%, respectively. Furthermore, the potential benefits and application of improved POM hydrolysis by start-up stage recovery via mesh sieves combined with anaerobic fermentation were evaluated, including selective POM entrapment, alleviation of blockage and wear, and a reduction in aeration energy. By the proposed strategy, carbon availability for biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes is anticipated to be improved more economically than that can be achieved by primary clarifier elimination.     

贫营养好氧反硝化菌株的脱氮特性及氮/碳平衡分析

针对生物法处理贫营养水源水存在脱氮效率不高,脱氮过程电子转移不清楚等问题,以具有高效脱氮功能的贫营养好氧反硝化菌Acinetobacter junii ZMF5为研究对象,探究了菌株脱氮性能、环境适应性及反硝化过程中的电子转移.结果表明:①菌株ZMF5具有高效的异养硝化和好氧反硝化能力,氨氮和硝氮去除速率分别为0.211 mg·(L·h)~(-1)和0.236 mg·(L·h)~(-1),并且在反应过程中无中间产物的累积;②通过氮素去除率以及菌株生长动力学分析,菌株ZMF5对不同类型的碳源均有一定的利用效果,在低C/N、低pH、低温的条件下仍表现出较好的氮去除性能;③氮平衡分析可知,比起碳水化合物羧酸盐化合物更能促进好氧反硝化过程的发生,使菌株脱氮途径发生变化,转化为气态氮(38.81%)的比例大于同化作用的氮(29.81%);④碳平衡分析可得,在反硝化过程中大部分碳源用于电子供体,而用于硝氮还原的电子较少,不同类型的碳源通过不同的还原势、电子供体的丰度和分子量来调节电子向硝酸盐呼吸链的转移.琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii ZMF5)将为微污染水源水体氮污染控制工程提供一定的菌源保障.     

热能（火用）平衡在芳烃分离装置清洁生产审核中的实践

运用热能（火用）平衡理论于芳烃分离装置清洁生产审核中,建立了芳烃分离装置热能（火用）平衡。热能（火用）平衡测算结果表明：此芳烃分离装置的热能利用效率（实际）为61．65％、热（火用）利用效率（实际）为59．77％、热力学第一定律效率和热力学第二定律效率分别为23．93％和7．76％。依据清洁生产审核思路,对此芳烃分离装置的热能（火用）利用效率进行了原因分析并提出了预防对策,可为提出清洁生产方案提供定量化依据。     

A+OSA污泥减量工艺碳元素平衡与减量机制研究

为深入研究OSA工艺减量途径,揭示其污泥减量机制,对缺氧-好氧-沉淀-厌氧(A+OSA)污泥减量系统和AO参照系统进行碳元素平衡分析,以考察贮泥池插入对减量系统的影响;辨识两系统各单元碳元素在固液气三相间的迁移转化途径,推测减量驱动机制.碳平衡结果表明,在贮泥池停留时间7.14 h时,碳元素在减量系统剩余污泥中的比例比参照系统高约50%,与减量系统达到49.98%的污泥减量效果相对应.贮泥池的插入能有效减少污泥产量.各单元碳元素变化量表明,减量系统缺氧池与好氧池(主体反应区)用于生物合成的碳元素量高于参照系统;贮泥池中污泥出现负增长,且释放CH4量较主体反应区有大幅增加.DGGE图谱证实了贮泥池中存在与污泥衰减有关的水解发酵型细菌.A+OSA工艺污泥减量是贮泥池污泥衰减和主体反应区补偿性增长共同作用的结果.     

我国自然生态系统氮沉降临界负荷评估

过量的氮沉降引起了一系列环境问题并导致生物多样性损失,因此评估当前生态系统氮沉降临界负荷对区域氮管理及其污染控制至关重要.利用稳态质量平衡法估算了当前我国自然生态系统的氮沉降临界负荷,并与氮沉降数据对比,获取了我国超过氮沉降临界负荷的生态系统空间分布情况.结果表明,6%的地区氮沉降临界负荷大于56 kg·(hm²·a)^-1,67%的地区氮沉降临界负荷在14～56 kg·(hm²·a)^-1之间,27%的地区氮沉降临界负荷小于14 kg·(hm²·a)^-1.氮沉降临界负荷较高的区域主要分布在青藏高原东部、内蒙古东北部和南部部分地区.氮沉降临界负荷较低的区域主要分布在青藏高原西部、西北地区和东南部分地区.氮沉降超过临界负荷的区域约占我国的21%,主要分布在东南和东北部分地区.东北、西北和青藏高原地区超临界负荷值普遍低于14 kg·(hm²·a)^-1.因此,未来这些超过氮沉降临界负荷地区的氮素管理和控制更为值得关注.