广东省夏秋季光化学反应活性空间分布表征

于夏末秋初在深圳市城市和郊区开展了大气OH自由基观测,结果显示OH自由基日间峰值平均浓度分别为6.0×10⁶cm^-3和5.9×10⁶cm^-3,与国内外其他地区相比处于中等水平.基于实测数据构建了拟合效果较好的本地化OH自由基参数化公式,应用于广东省OH自由基空间分布的表征,并进一步利用日间OH和NO₂浓度之积反映光化学反应活性(AP).结果发现,2018年夏秋季广东省大气光化学反应活性总体上呈现珠江三角洲较高,AP达10.1×10⁷μg/(m³·cm³),粤东、粤西、粤北地区较低的分布态势,AP分别为5.4×10⁷, 5.9×10⁷和7.7×10⁷μg/(m³·cm³);同期的PM_2.5和O₃高值区域也集中在珠江三角洲,说明了调控光化学反应活性对珠江三角洲协同控...     

南北向街谷内热不稳定流场日变化规律的模拟研究

城市街谷内热不稳定流动是促进污染物扩散的重要影响因素之一.本文基于街谷内热平衡分析,结合大涡模拟方法,研究了一个南北走向的城市街谷内温度、风场的日变化特征,并分析了壁面对流换热及长波辐射对街谷内环境的影响.结果显示:壁面对流换热是影响街谷内温度、风场的主要因素,而长波辐射的影响非常小,长波辐射引起街谷内空气温度升高不足对流换热影响的10％,而其对平均风速和脉动量的影响更是在2％和1％以内;街谷内空气温度从早上开始逐渐增加,到15:00的时候达到最大,可达311 K(38℃);上午时段,迎风面壁面热浮力减弱街谷内风速,街谷底部和迎风墙侧的脉动量根均方值较大,而下午时段街谷顶部的脉动量根均方值达到最大.街谷内不同位置和不同时段内,通过建筑材料选择和表面结构设计,适当调控建筑壁面的温度,可以促进街谷内温度分布和空气流通改善.     

农业经营规模化发展对环境效率的影响——基于地块层面的实证分析

为探析农业规模化经营与农业环境可持续性之间的关系,对农业经营规模对农业环境效率的影响进行理论分析,并在此基础上构建了物料平衡原则下农业环境效率测算模型和农业环境效率影响模型.基于2004~2016年浙江省农户水稻种植地块层面的面板数据,实证检验了土地面积、劳动投入、资本投入和农业产出等农业经营规模指标对农业环境效率的影响.结果显示,农业规模化发展将因投入和产出的扩张以多种方式影响其环境效率,其中土地面积规模与农业环境效率之间呈倒U型关系,劳动投入和资本投入对农业生产环境效率均有负向的影响,而农业产出规模的增加将促进农业环境效率的提升.     

城市间PM2.5源的碳成分谱比较

为了解我国不同城市PM_2.5源的碳成分谱特征和地域差异,采集沈阳市、十堰市和乌鲁木齐市的燃煤源、柴油车尾气源、汽油车尾气源和餐饮源样品,使用热光透射法分析PM_2.5中的总碳（TC）、有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）,以及细分的8种碳组分（OC1,OC2,OC3,OC4,EC1,EC2,EC3和OPC_T）,构建各类污染源碳成分谱.结果表明：3个城市4类源TC/PM_2.5从高到低分别为：餐饮源（65.1%±8.4%）、柴油车尾气源（46.2%±9.5%）、汽油车尾气源（37.7%±3.5%）和燃煤源（17.3%±8.0%）;OC/TC在餐饮源中最高（98.0%±0.5%）,EC/TC在柴油车尾气源中最高（38.6%±8.5%）.3个城市同类源的碳组分含量受污染源细分后的不同类型影响有一定差异,但归一化处理后总体仍表现为燃煤源中OC2（14%~30%）和OC3（13%~23%）含量最高,柴油车尾气源中EC2（22%~56%）含量最高,汽油车尾气源中OC2（24%~41%）、OC1（16%~42%）和OC3（12%~26%）含量最高,餐饮源中OC2（21%~43%）和OC3（23%~49%）含量最高.不同污染源的OC/EC值为燃煤源在0.4~7.6之间,柴油车尾气源在0.2~5.6之间,汽油车尾气源在1.1~38.5之间,餐饮源在6.4~170.2之间.分歧系数结果显示3个城市不同源的碳成分谱具有差异性,同类源的碳成分谱具有相似性.将3个城市同类源碳成分谱合并后利用化学质量平衡灵敏度矩阵得到OC2,OC3,OC4,EC1和OPC_T可共同作为燃煤源的标识组分;EC2是柴油车尾气源的标识组分;OC1,OC2和OC3可共同作为汽油车尾气源的标识组分;OC2和OC3可共同作为餐饮源的标识组分.沈阳市、十堰市和乌鲁木齐市相同污染源相似的碳成分谱和一致的标识碳组分可为国内其他城市相关研究提供数据参考.     

分段进水对改良A2/O-BAF双污泥系统反硝化除磷脱氮的影响

采用改良A²/O-BAF双污泥系统处理低C/N比生活污水,为提高碳源利用率,研究了两段进水（预缺氧段和缺氧段）对反硝化除磷脱氮的影响,同时根据COD的物料衡算公式,分析评价了不同进水比下,碳源的利用情况.结果表明当分段进水比为7：3时,平均进水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP浓度分别为174.99、58.19、59.10、5.15 mg·L^-1,出水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP浓度分别为29.48、4.07、14.10、0.44 mg·L^-1,去除率分别为82.12%、92.76%、75.45%、91.20%;系统中反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例（DPAOs/PAOs）为98.81%,此时系统反硝化除磷脱氮最佳,同时碳源的有效利用率达85.77%,平衡百分比为92.33%.通过优化分段进水,碳源被有效利用,提高了同步脱氮除磷效率,为改良A²/O-BAF双污泥系统处理低C/N比污水提供理论依据.     

镇江市雨水利用示范工程水量平衡计算及效益分析

针对镇江市某医院雨水利用示范工程, 结合该医院绿化和景观用水状况及过去20年的 日降雨量、蒸发量资料,建立相应的水量平衡方程,对区域内雨水利用系统收集和利用的雨 水量进行核算.结果表明,示范工程雨水收集量能够满足该区域内绿化用水、道路喷洒用水 、水面蒸发和其他损失的水量,不需要补充自来水.该系统雨水利用率达到81%,每...     

燃煤电厂湿法烟气脱硫系统的水平衡分析

通过对湿法烟气脱硫系统工艺用水和耗水的分析,结合华北某电厂湿法脱硫系统的设计参数 和运行情况,测试该脱硫系统在满负荷下的水平衡并根据具体的用水、耗水情况提出节水措施.     

Measurement of agricultural total factor productivity growth incorporating environmental factors: A nutrients balance approach

This article proposes to use nutrient-orientated environmental efficiency (EE) measures to construct a nutrient total factor productivity index (NTFP). Since nutrient-orientated EE measures are consistent with the materials balance principle, NTFP index is superior to other existing TFP indexes. An empirical study on the environmental performance of an agricultural sector in 30 OECD countries from 1990 to 2003 yielded several important findings. First, these countries should be able to produce current outputs with at least 50% less aggregate eutrophying power, implying that they should have been able to substantially reduce the potential for eutrophication. Second, traditional TFP has grown by 1.6% per annum due to technical progress; however, there are lags in the responses of several countries to this technical progress. Third, environmental TFP has grown at a slower rate than traditional TFP growth due to reductions in nutrient-orientated allocative efficiency. Finally, changes in input combinations could have significantly improved environmental efficiency and productivity. These findings favor policy interventions and faster technological transfer to improve environmental performance.     

An inverse model for the analysis of the Venice lagoon food web

A steady-state model of the Venice lagoon food web was constructed, based on a comprehensive set of data, which were collected in the years 2001-2005. Energy flows were estimated by means of an inverse methodology of constrained optimization based on the Minimum Norm criterion, i.e. on the minimization of both the sum of squares of the residuals and of the sum of squares of energy flows. The solution was constrained by a set inequalities, which were derived from general eco-physiological knowledge and site specific data on energy flows. The trophic network was represented by thirty-two nodes, including single-species compartments for the species of high economical or ecological relevance. Mass balance equations were weighted, in order to obtain meaningful results in presence of large differences, up to 5 orders of magnitude, among biomasses. A perturbation technique was applied, with the purpose of reducing the risk of finding solutions heavily affected by the set of constraints and of obtaining a more robust representation of the energy flows. The main patterns of energy flow are consistent with those obtained in previous attempts at modelling the Venice lagoon food web. Micro- and macro-phytobenthos account for the largest fraction of the primary production. Energy is then transferred towards higher trophic levels by means of two main pathways: the recycling of dead biomass through the detritus compartment and the direct consumption by grazers. The first pathway is the most important and accounts for approximately two/thirds of the energy transferred to the second trophic level.     

浙江省合成革行业挥发性有机物污染特征及排放系数

以2015年浙江省175家合成革企业调研数据为基础,分析当前浙江省合成革行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染治理情况,通过研究筛选出161家重点企业,分析合成革行业污染基本排放特征并计算其VOCs排放系数.结果表明,绝大部分企业对废气采取治理措施,但聚氨酯(PU)后处理工艺没有废气收集和处理设施;绝大部分企业使用的是溶剂型原辅材料,废气中VOCs的主要污染因子为二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、甲苯、乙酸甲酯、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和丁酮等物质;全省合成革行业的VOCs排放系数均值为0. 168 kg·m~(-2).其中聚氨酯平均排放系数0. 170 kg·m~(-2),聚氯乙烯(PVC)排放系数为0. 142 kg·m~(-2);聚氨酯湿法工艺排放系数均值为0. 191 kg·m~(-2),聚氨酯干法工艺VOCs排放系数均值为0. 179 kg·m~(-2),聚氨酯后处理工艺VOCs排放系数均值为0. 120 kg·m~(-2).