Estimating Annual Groundwater Evapotranspiration from Phreatophytes in the Great Basin Using Landsat and Flux Tower Measurements

Escalating concerns about water supplies in the Great Basin have prompted numerous water budget studies focused on groundwater recharge and discharge. For many hydrographic areas (HAs) in the Great Basin, most of the recharge is discharged by bare soil evaporation and evapotranspiration (ET) from phreatophyte vegetation. Estimating recharge from precipitation in a given HA is difficult and often has significant uncertainty, therefore it is often quantified by estimating the natural discharge. As such, remote sensing applications for spatially distributing flux tower estimates of ET and groundwater ET (ET_g) across phreatophyte areas are becoming more common. We build on previous studies and develop a transferable empirical relationship with uncertainty bounds between flux tower estimates of ET and a remotely sensed vegetation index, Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). Energy balance‐corrected ET measured from 40 flux tower site‐year combinations in the Great Basin was statistically correlated with EVI derived from Landsat imagery (r² = 0.97). Application of the relationship to estimate mean‐annual ET_g from four HAs in western and eastern Nevada is highlighted and results are compared with previous estimates. Uncertainty bounds about the estimated mean ET_g allow investigators to evaluate if independent groundwater discharge estimates are “believable” and will ultimately assist local, state, and federal agencies to evaluate expert witness reports of ET_g, along with providing new first‐order estimates of ET_g.     

海洋资源资产负债表的编制问题初探

编制海洋资源资产负债表是推动我国生态文明建设、促进我国国民经济发展的必要手段,因而受到学术界的广泛关注。通过对过往研究成果的梳理,可以看出目前我国海洋资源资产负债表的编制工作仍处于起步阶段。本文对我国编制海洋资源资产负债表的意义进行了研究,同时对海洋资源资产负债表编制工作当中的难点与重点问题进行了探讨,分析得出目前存在概念不清晰、分类不明确、核算不准确、数据不完备四大问题,并有针对性地提出了政策建议。     

潜流湿地处理不同浓度有机污水的差异分析

通过供氧平衡及物质平衡理论分析和实证研究,探讨根系泌氧、水中自带溶解氧、植物吸收营养物在湿地净化中的贡献,并通过落空运行来启动大气复氧.结果表明,当处理Ⅳ类以下地表水时,根系泌氧和水中携氧可使基质内为好氧环境、出水DO>0;植物吸收和介质吸附可使N、P去除稳定.当处理生活污水时,植物供氧不足,基质内为缺氧/厌氧环境、铵氧化细菌和亚硝酸氧化菌数量只有氨化细菌的1/1 000～1/100,出水DO≈0,使基质易堵塞;植物吸收和介质吸附有限,氮去除率≤20%;磷去除率随介质吸附容量的饱和逐渐下降,运行前3个月去除率为54%,运行1a以后降低到5%.潜流湿地处理生活污水时污染负荷远大于植物供氧和吸收营养物的上限,是其存在技术局限的根本原因.启动大气复氧是湿地工艺改进的一个重要方向,预沉-常规湿地对COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP的去除率为79%、34%、36%、34%,预沉-落空湿地则为79%、88%、14%、69%,必须合理利用大气复氧才能实现去除总氮的最终目的.     

Human Impacts on Land Cover and Water Balances in a Coastal Mediterranean County

We analyzed the effects of changes in land cover on the water balance in Spain’s Marina Baixa County, on the Mediterranean coast. To reveal how different land management strategies have affected the area’s environment, four municipalities within the same catchment were studied: Benidorm, Callosa d’en Sarrià, Beniardà, and Guadalest. In the municipalities of Callosa and Benidorm, the proportion of the area covered by woodland declined by 4.2% and 30.2%, respectively, and woodland was replaced by agriculture and urban development. The abandonment of farmland produced a 17% increase in the proportion of the area covered by vegetation in Guadalest and Beniardá, where frequent forest fires have exacerbated a decrease in the area of pine woodland. Tourism development in Benidorm has been accompanied by an increase in the transportation infrastructure and by an expansion of areas with an impermeable surface, with the lowest level of infiltration into the aquifer system. These changes have generated a net water deficit in Callosa and Benidorm of more than 6 Mm³/year, creating a high demand for water imported from other municipalities (Guadalest and Beniardá) or from outside of the county to maintain the sustainability of the current water management strategies. The Marina Baixa case study is representative of many of the world’s coastal areas that are undergoing rapid urban development based on an inappropriate understanding of human progress based mainly on economic development and thus provides insights into water management in other areas.     

沈阳市城市开放空问系统生态环境质量状况

现代城市开放空间系统的建构已成为城市规划和建设的热点问题，受到普遍关注。文中通过调研、资料收集和监测，研究分析了沈阳市城区开放空间系统的生态环境质量现状和存在的环境问题，提出了改善和提高城市开放空间系统生态功能的建议和措施。     

环境库兹涅茨曲线的虚幻性及其对可持续发展的现实影响

生态环境质量真的能够随着经济发展而改善吗？“先污染、后治理”真的是普遍的发展规律吗？既有的理论一般认为．随着经济的发展．生态环境的质量在经过一个时期的恶化之后，将在一定的发展阶段出现好转．其变化过程呈“倒U曲线”状态．这就是环境Kuznets曲线。作者认为这是一个貌似真实的虚幻．生态环境随着经济发展而好转只可能是局部的、而不可能是整体性的．经济发展与生态维护的双赢目标也同样是难以企及的，经济发展与生态维护只能是基于各种利益关系的权衡。文章还对中国长期推行的几种宏观经济政策的生态环境影响进行了分析，并提出了经济利益与生态利益相权衡的现实主张。     

碳氧平衡约束下武汉市土地利用结构优化情景模型研究

碳氧平衡法可通过比较人类活动引起的释碳耗氧量与生态用地的固碳释氧能力之间的平衡关系来测算碳氧平衡标准下生态用地需求量。以武汉市为例,遵循"环境友好、资源节约"的两型社会建设原则构建了土地利用综合效益最优的多目标函数,以2013年为基期年且2020年为目标年,探索了碳氧平衡约束条件下武汉市土地利用结构的优化方向。研究结果表明:土地利用结构优化后2020年较2013年增加了40 908hm2标准生态用地,产生431亿元的综合效益,年固碳能力和释氧能力分别达到532.03万t和1 418.33万t,分别占武汉市释碳耗氧量的43.25%和30.29%,能完成区域内的固碳任务且有盈余,但不能实现区域内的氧平衡。研究结果表明仅通过增加生态用地来维持碳氧平衡将难以为继,长期来看,必须转变发展方式来维持碳氧平衡状态。     

多点交替进水阶式A2/O工艺氮磷去除途径

为分析CMICAO(多点交替进水阶式A2/O)工艺处理实际生活污水时对氮、磷的去除机理,基于物料衡算方程,计算各反应池内污染物质量浓度,并与实测值进行对比,分析氮、磷的去除途径,提出强化工艺脱氮除磷的方法.结果表明,试验条件下,出水中ρ(TP)、ρ(TN)和ρ(氨氮)分别为(0.41±0.08)、(10.24±0.40)和(2.07±0.30)mg/L.除微生物同化作用外,系统中的氮主要通过好氧硝化、缺氧/厌氧反硝化及SND(同步硝化反硝化)途径去除,阶段一3#反应池、阶段二2#反应池和阶段三1#反应池的SND率分别达到37%、52%和58%左右.磷通过聚磷菌厌氧/缺氧释磷、好氧吸磷和反硝化除磷途径去除,阶段一4#池的反硝化吸磷量达到3 mg/L左右.降低好氧池ρ(DO)和改变缺氧池与厌氧池的进水量比例可强化脱氮除磷效果.     

TiO2诱导下左旋氧氟沙星的可见光降解及其机制

左旋氧氟沙星是一种新型污染物.单一的左旋氧氟沙星(LFV)和Ti O2无可见光响应,但二者共存下左旋氧氟沙星能发生显著的可见光降解.为此研究Ti O2用量、溶液p H以及左旋氧氟沙星浓度对Ti O2/Vis(可见光)降解左旋氧氟沙星的影响及机制.结果表明,左旋氧氟沙星能吸附在Ti O2表面,吸附服从准二级吸附动力学和Langmuir吸附等温线.吸附左旋氧氟沙星的Ti O2漫反射UV-Vis光谱进一步表明二者形成表面复合物.左旋氧氟沙星的Ti O2/Vis降解动力学符合LangmuirHinshelwood方程.合适的Ti O2浓度和中性p H有利于光解过程的进行.自由抑制实验、N2保护下左旋氧氟沙星的Ti O2/Vis降解实验揭示·O-2是该过程中的主要活性物种.同时,无氧左旋氧氟沙星-Ti O2悬浮液光照不同时间的UV-Vis光谱证明体系中存在电子向Ti O2导带的注入.依据实验结果提出吸附在Ti O2表面的左旋氧氟沙星与Ti O2形成表面复合物,在可见光照下发生电子迁移,从而引发左旋氧氟沙星降解.本研究表明利用污染与Ti O2形成表面复合物诱导其可见光降解可用来去除水中某些有机污染物.     

典型钢铁行业汞排放特征及质量平衡

以重庆市某钢铁企业各工艺单元的进出物料为研究对象,分析样品总汞及各物料中汞的输入输出量,初步探讨钢铁生产各工序汞的排放特性及其质量平衡.结果发现,各工艺输入物料汞含量为2.93~159.11μg·kg~(-1),其中,高炉所用块矿汞含量最高,其次为烧结以及高炉用煤.输出物料中汞含量为3.09~18.13μg·kg~(-1),除尘灰汞含量最高,其次为转炉渣.该钢铁企业自备焦化厂汞输入量和输出量分别为1 346.74 g·d~(-1)±36.95 g·d~(-1)和177.42 g·d~(-1)±13.73 g·d~(-1),焦化工序中的汞主要来源于焦煤的燃烧.钢铁生产过程中烧结工序汞输入量最高,为1 075.27 g·d~(-1)±60.89 g·d~(~(-1)),占钢铁生产总汞带入量的68.06%,其来源主要是铁矿粉.固体输出物料中,烧结工序输出汞量为14.15 g·d~(-1)±0.38 g·d~(-1),占总固体输出量22.61%.经估算,该钢铁企业2013年汞排放量约为553.83 kg,汞排放因子为0.092 g·t~(-1)钢产量.为控制汞排放,钢铁企业应结合生产实际,进一步降低焦化以及烧结工序能耗水平,或提高原料质量,减少汞的输入.