火电厂用水测试及节水管理

随着电力市场化经营的逐步深入,对电力生产的成本提出了更高的要求,加强水务管理并开展综合治理,逐渐达到合理地发电、生产用水,成为节能降耗工作的一个重要环节。火电厂是耗水大户,随着水资源的日渐匮乏及环保法律的日趋严格,合理利用水资源,已成为火电厂面临的紧迫任务,为此需开展进行全厂水平衡测试工作。针对某火电厂用水情况进行水平衡测试,根据测试结果对火电厂用水情况进行分析,查清实际用水状况,找出节水潜力,并提出了相应的治理建议,使火电厂的用水达到合理使用和科学管理,为火电厂节水工作提供参考。     

1株1,2-二氯乙烷降解菌的分离及降解特性研究

从浙江某化工厂污水处理池的活性污泥中筛选分离到1株能以1,2-二氯乙烷(1,2-dichloroethane,1,2-DCA)为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株T-2,根据菌株的形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rRNA基因序列分析,该菌株被鉴定为Starkeya sp.研究表明,Starkeya sp.T-2生长和降解1,2-DCA较适宜的温度为30℃,较适宜的pH为7.0～8.0;菌株降解1,2-DCA的过程遵循Haldane动力学模型,其最大比生长速率μmax为0.065 h-1,最大比降解速率vmax为0.54 h-1;菌株降解1,2-DCA的耐受浓度为500 mg.L-1,细胞产率系数(以1,2-DCA计)为0.191 mg.mg-1,菌株T-2利用1,2-DCA生长的过程中能同时把1,2-DCA最终矿化为CO2和H2O,矿化率为45%.     

上海市某化工区夏季典型光化学过程VOCs特征及活性研究

本研究基于夏季某化工区外5 km处观测点O_3及VOCs在线观测结果,分析了VOCs污染及光化学反应活性特征.结果显示,西南风向的VOCs平均体积分数为63.9×10~(-9)±28.6×10~(-9),高于其他风向42%(45.0×10~(-9)±28.0×10~(-9)),不同主导风向下的VOCs特征具有一定的相似性,均以烯烃、卤代烃和烷烃为主要组分,说明化工园区局地排放和累积对观测点VOCs影响较大.主要VOCs物种的日变化都具有夜间体积分数累积增多,白天逐步降低的特征;但是异戊二烯呈现日变化较小的特征,显示其受到人为源和天然源的双重影响.西南风向的臭氧生成潜势(Ozone Formation Potential,OFP)为242.1×10~(-9),远高于其他风向的OFP(174.1×10~(-9)),而平均MIR(Maximum Increment Reactivity)则较为接近;烯烃在VOCs总OFP中的贡献比例均在70%以上,其次是芳香烃.使用乙苯和间/对二甲苯的比值来表征气团光化学反应进程,计算得到观测点西南风向VOCs消耗量为(51.7×10~(-9)±38.8×10~(-9)),烯烃和卤代烃是最主要VOCs消耗组分.     

典型煤化工企业硫代谢特征及其质量平衡

针对煤化工行业排放数据,不同来源数据存在较大差异,社会各界对其真实性、准确性存在诸多质疑,因而有必要从新的角度对排放统计数据进行评估.选取某典型煤化工企业,采用物料平衡方法核算了该企业硫代谢通量,探讨了其代谢特征,核算结果清晰显示了该企业硫的主要来源和去向,为减排及政策制定提供了科学依据.该企业2014年硫输入输出基本平衡,平衡项表征的统计误差在可接受范围内,误差产生原因包括原料含硫系数不稳定、固废含硫系数缺失、废气监测难度大,成分复杂等.不同来源SO_2排放量对比分析显示,排污申报数据略高于基准核算值,后评估数据偏小,而环境统计数据远大于基准值.数据的真实性与准确性有待提高;不同层次、不同部门统计方法有待完善及统一;无组织排放是重要的硫输出途径,不容忽视.     

Dynamic material flow analysis of steel resources in Korea

Material flow analysis (MFA) is an evaluation technique that systematically identifies the flows and stocks of materials within predefined spatial and temporal boundaries. In this paper, the steel resources in Korea are investigated using dynamic MFA. Iron ore and steel scrap are added as raw material components during the production processes of steel, which is then used in a variety of product groups such as construction products, transportation equipment, machinery/metal products, electrical/electronic devices, and other products through fabrication and manufacturing processes. When such product groups are discarded, they are either recycled or landfilled. With consideration for the lifetimes of various product groups in conjunction with steel resource flows in Korea, dynamic MFA is conducted on the flows of steel stock change and annual scrap generation. By 2020, these two flows are expected to increase by as much as 40% and 30%, respectively, compared to 2008, with transportation equipment, in particular, envisaged to experience high growth. At the current recycling rate, however, it will be hard to meet future scrap demand. According to the scenario analysis, 100% of this future scrap demand can be supplied domestically if the recycling rate is increased to over 70% for all product groups, except construction products and transportation equipment, which already have high recycling rates. By 2020, the reduction in scrap importation costs is projected to offer a financial gain of 2.3 billion dollars.     

汞的环境光化学

作为一种全球污染物,汞在水体、底泥、土壤、大气等介质中以各种不同形态存在.各种汞形态具有不同的理化特性及毒性.汞形态的转化对于汞的迁移、毒性、食物链富集放大效应等具有重要影响.光照在汞的形态转化中起着重要作用,主要涉及光氧化、光还原、甲基汞的光降解以及无机汞的光化学甲基化等四个方面.本文对不同环境介质中汞的光化学转化过...     

Food web structure and trophic interactions of the tropical highland lake Hayq, Ethiopia

We generated a mass-balance model to figure out the food web structure and trophic interactions of the major functional groups of the Ethiopian highland Lake Hayq. Moreover, the study lay down a baseline data for future ecosystem-based investigations and management activities. Extensive data collection has been taken place between October 2007 and May 2009. Ecotrophic efficiency (EE) of several functional groups including phytoplankton (0.8) and detritus (0.85) was high indicating the utilization of the groups within the system. However, the EE of Mesocyclops (0.03) and Thermocyclops (0.30) was very low implying these resources were rather a ‘sink’ in the trophic hierarchy. Flows based on aggregated trophic level sensu Lindeman revealed the importance of both phytoplankton and detritus to higher trophic levels. The computed average transfer efficiency of 11.5% for the first four trophic levels was within the range for highly efficient African lakes. The primary production to respiration (P/R) ratio (1.05) of Lake Hayq indicates the maturity of the ecosystem. We also modeled the food-web by excluding Tilapia and reduced phytoplankton biomass to get insight into the mass balance before Tilapia was introduced. The analysis resulted in a lower system omnivory index (SOI = 0.016) and a reduced P/R ratio (0.13) that described the lake as immature ecosystem, suggesting the introduction of Tilapia might have contributed to the maturity of the lake. Tilapia in Lake Hayq filled an ecological empty niche of pelagic planktivores, and contributed for the better transfer efficiency observed from primary production to fish yield.     

MOBILITY AND AQUATIC TOXICITY OF COPPER IN AN URBAN WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Abundant use of copper based products has resulted in increased violation of copper water quality criteria in runoff from urban storm water systems. The objectives of this work were to understand the mobility and toxicity of copper in an urban watershed and to apportion the amount of copper entering the freshwater receiving stream from different urban land covers using a mass balance approach. Sixteen rainfall events collected from the University of Connecticut study watershed between August 1998 and September 2000 were analyzed to assess copper flux in an urban storm water system. Mean flow weighted dissolved copper concentrations observed in the study for copper based architectural material runoff, pervious area runoff, impervious area runoff, and in the receiving stream were 1210 ± 840, 9 ± 3, 8 ± 2, and 14 ± 7 μg/L, respectively. Mean dissolved copper concentrations in the receiving stream exceeded Connecticut's water quality criteria. Despite exceeding the dissolved concentration based criteria, cupric ion concentrations at the system outlet remained below 0.05 μg/L for all storms analyzed, and no acute toxicity (using Daphnia pulex as the test organism) was measured in samples collected from the stream.     

Accounting for Cadmium: Tracking Emissions of Cadmium From the Global Economy

This paper examines the flow of cadmium through the global economy, with the aim of quantifying emissions of cadmium into the environment as a result of anthropogenic activities. First, a materials balance methodology is presented as the most appropriate means of assessing cadmium emissions from a wide range of anthropogenic sources. This is then applied to the best available data, from a variety of sources, to arrive at estimated flows of cadmium. Results are presented for 10 geo-political world regions and for a range of economic activities including non-ferrous metals production, iron and steel production, combustion of fossil fuels, fertilizer manufacture and use, cement production and the manufacture, use and disposal of cadmium containing products. Initially, this analysis partitions the total flow of cadmium into three major categories: atmospheric emissions, water-borne effluents and solid or bulked waste arisings. the paper then suggests a probable further partition of the initial emissions into different environmental media.     

社会需要的两极保障与社会的稳定发展——关于灾害的若干社会学思考

本文从社会需要的两极保障是社会稳定与发展的前提出发,论述了社会需要、自然环境与灾害的关系;并从发展生产与引导人的需要两方面阐述了维护生态平衡是减灾工作的重点途径之一。