Resource and Environmental Issues in Transitional China: A Perspective from the Interaction Among Market,Government and Society

Abstract

Along with the rapid growth of economy in the postreform period after 1979, China has faced severe problems of resource overusing and environmental degradation which would threaten the sustainable development of economy and society. This article explores an effective mechanism of managing resource and environment in China. It examines some major resource and environmental issues, and constructs a framework of institution innovation to cover three sectors (government, market and society). In addition, the article analyzes their experience and evaluation in resource management and environmental conservation during the transitional period. We argue that the combination of market regulation, government intervention and public participation is an effective way of allocating resource and protecting environment. Some suggestions are put forward to balance the relationship between them, including coordinating role of government and market, building platform for market operation and creating an atmosphere of public participation.     

自然生态循环的良性平衡和科技产业的发展

探求既能有效解决人类生存所面临的重大问题 ,又能实现可持续发展的途径是人类发展的永恒主题。本文以此为目的 ,根据对相关内容的深入分析得出 ,以恢复、保持和发展自然生态循环的良性平衡为锁定目标 ,发展、形成大规模或超大规模的巨大科技产业体系 ,是实现人类可持续发展的必由之路。在此基础上 ,本文进一步分析了科技产业的发展条件 ,指出科技与经济的有机结合是形成和实现科技产业的必要条件 ,同时就如何在知识经济的迅速兴起的环境中发展科技产业提出了建议。以“恢复、保持和发展自然生态循环的良性平衡”为锁定目标 ,建立造福人类的科技产业体系既是时代的要求 ,也是时代的迫切呼唤     

"有序"开采:北方地区地下水资源利用中两难选择的途径

北方干旱、半干旱地区地下水超采严重，水资源供需矛盾突出。为探索一条地下水合理开发利用的途径．本文提出了“有序”开采的思路：在来来几十年内．政府部门应根据人口，经济发展规划提出地下水资源需求量的控制计划．并给下属各地区下达取水配额。使储存资源的消耗处于有计划和监控范围内。有序开采应分阶段实现：第一阶段应以抑侧超采量的过快增长为目标；第二阶段应以需水总量的下降为目标；第三阶段应实现总需水量低于地下水系统补给资源量，使数十年超采造成的储存资源亏空逐年得以偿还。“有序”开采应注意三点：①超采必须限制在有限时间内；②开采活动应在政府的严格控制之下。任何超过计划配额的取水行为都是不允许的；③开采量和总需水量的下降，必须以节水为前提。发达国家的需水量变化经历证明。通过“有序”开采实现北方地区地下水可持续利用是可行的．     

铁(Ⅲ)-草酸盐配合物的光化学性质及其对天然水相中有机物光降解的作用

本文综述了天然水相（大气水相、地表水等）中Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）－草酸盐配合物的含量与分布、光化学性质、对天然水相中有机物的降解、及其在废水光化学处理中的应用研究及前景。     

Aggregated Estimation of Basic Parameters of Biological Production and Carbon Budget of Russian Terrestrial Ecosystems: 3. Biogeochemical Carbon Fluxes

The biogeochemical cycle of organic carbon in Russian terrestrial ecosystems in 1990 is considered. Its components have been estimated as follows: net primary production, 4354 million metric tons of carbon (Mt C); annual amount of plant detritus, 3223 Mt C; heterotrophic soil respiration, 3214 Mt C; biomass utilization, 680 Mt C; damage to vegetation caused by fire and pests, 140 Mt C; and removal by surface and ground waters, 79 Mt C. Anthropogenically regulated fluxes of organic carbon (820 Mt C) are comparable to its amount involved in the natural cycle.     

基于改进PWM控制的电网运行安全调制策略研究*

为了提高电网运行抗负载扰动能力和空载能力,提出基于改进PWM控制的电网运行安全调制策略。首先,分析电网不平衡的实际情况,再采用三相PWM整流器负序电压不平衡控制策略,获取电网不对称时PWM整流器不平衡单周控制数学模型,保障电网电压滤除零序电压后的分量;利用改进功率平衡控制策略,在原有控制算法上加入负载电流前馈,解决采样延时对电流内环的响应速度造成影响导致的控制性能不佳,优化控制结果,实现电网运行安全调制。研究结果表明:所研究策略能够实现电网电压不平衡状态下的电网运行安全调制,并且具有良好的抗负载扰动能力和空载能力。     

Energy implications of mechanical and mechanical–biological treatment compared to direct waste-to-energy

Primary energy savings potential is used to compare five residual municipal solid waste treatment systems, including configurations with mechanical (MT) and mechanical–biological (MBT) pre-treatment, which produce waste-derived fuels (RDF and SRF), biogas and/or recover additional materials for recycling, alongside a system based on conventional mass burn waste-to-energy and ash treatment. To examine the magnitude of potential savings we consider two energy efficiency levels (state-of-the-art and best available technology), the inclusion/exclusion of heat recovery (CHP vs. PP) and three different background end-use energy production systems (coal condensing electricity and natural gas heat, Nordic electricity mix and natural gas heat, and coal CHP energy quality allocation).The systems achieved net primary energy savings in a range between 34 and 140 MJ_primary/100 MJ_{input waste}, in the different scenario settings. The energy footprint of transportation needs, pre-treatment and reprocessing of recyclable materials was 3–9.5%, 1–18% and 1–8% respectively, relative to total energy savings. Mass combustion WtE achieved the highest savings in scenarios with CHP production, nonetheless, MBT-based systems had similarly high performance if SRF streams were co-combusted with coal. When RDF and SRF was only used in dedicated WtE plants, MBT-based systems totalled lower savings due to inherent system losses and additional energy costs. In scenarios without heat recovery, the biodrying MBS-based system achieved the highest savings, on the condition of SRF co-combustion. As a sensitivity scenario, alternative utilisation of SRF in cement kilns was modelled. It supported similar or higher net savings for all pre-treatment systems compared to mass combustion WtE, except when WtE CHP was possible in the first two background energy scenarios. Recovery of plastics for recycling before energy recovery increased net energy savings in most scenario variations, over those of full stream combustion. Sensitivity to assumptions regarding virgin plastic substitution was tested and was found to mostly favour plastic recovery.     

Changes in mineral soil organic carbon stocks in the croplands of European Russia and the Ukraine, 1990–2070; comparison of three models and implications for climate mitigation

Three soil carbon models (RothC, CANDY and the Model of Humus Balance) were used to estimate the impacts of climate change on agricultural mineral soil carbon stocks in European Russia and the Ukraine using detailed spatial data on land-use, future land-use, cropping patterns, agricultural management, climate and soil type. Scenarios of climate were derived from the Hadley Centre climate Version 3 (HadCM3) model; future yields were determined using the Soil–Climate–Yield model, and land use was determined from regional agricultural and economic data and a model of agricultural economics. The models suggest that optimal management, which entails the replacement of row crops with other crops, and the use of extra years of grass in the rotation could reduce Soil organic carbon (SOC) loss in the croplands of European Russia and the Ukraine by 30–44% compared to the business-as-usual management. The environmentally sustainable management scenario (SUS), though applied for a limited area within the total region, suggests that much of this optimisation could be realised without damaging profitability for farmers.     

Liquid balance monitoring inside conventional,Retrofit, and bio-reactor landfill cells

The Outer Loop landfill bioreactor (OLLB) in Louisville, KY, USA has been the site of a study to evaluate long-term bioreactor performance at a full-scale operational landfill. Three types of landfill units were studied including a conventional landfill (Control cell), a new landfill area that had an air addition and recirculation piping network installed as waste was being placed (As-Built cell), and a conventional landfill that was modified to allow for liquids recirculation (Retrofit cell). During the monitoring period, the Retrofit, Control, and As-Built cells received 48, 14, and 213 L Mg^?1 (liters of liquids per metric ton of waste), respectively. The leachate collection system yielded 60, 57 and 198 L Mg^?1 from the Retrofit, Control, and As-Built cells, respectively. The head on liner in all cells was below regulatory limits. In the Control and As-Built cells, leachate head on liner decreased once waste placement stopped. The measured moisture content of the waste samples was consistent with that calculated from the estimate of accumulated liquid by the liquid balance. Additionally, measurements on excavated solid waste samples revealed large spatial variability in waste moisture content. The degree of saturation in the Control cells decreased from 85% to 75%. The degree of saturation increased from 82% to 83% due to liquids addition in the Retrofit cells and decreased back to 80% once liquid addition stopped. In the As-Built cells, the degree of saturation increased from 87% to 97% during filling activities and then started to decrease soon after filling activities stopped to reach 92% at the end of the monitoring period. The measured leachate generation rates were used to estimate an in-place saturated hydraulic conductivity of the MSW in the range of 10^?8 to 10^?7 m s^?1 which is lower than previous reports. In the Control and Retrofit cells, the net loss in liquids, 43 and 12 L Mg^?1, respectively, was similar to the measured settlement of 15% and 5–8% strain, respectively (Abichou et al., 2013). The increase in net liquid volume in the As-Built cells indicates that the 37% (average) measured settlement strain in these cells cannot be due to consolidation as the waste mass did not lose any moisture but rather suggests that settlement was attributable to lubrication of waste particle contacts, softening of flexible porous materials, and additional biological degradation.     

基于碳氮平衡模型评价厨余垃圾厌氧消化工程

以典型厨余垃圾厌氧消化工程为研究对象,使用碳氮平衡全流程模型计算,分析比较了碳氮物质流模型计算结果与采样实测数据;通过碳氮在固液气三相的全流程分配,评价工程实际运行效能.结果表明,实测数据与模拟结果比较,显示碳氮物质流在厌氧产气部分拟合效果较好（拟合优度0.88）,但在固液分离组件环节存在显著缺陷.通过优化消化液含固率（TS）与固液分离分配比的关系,改进了模型的固液分离组件,从而提高了沼液和沼渣含固率的模拟效果,拟合优度分别提高至0.97和0.82;通过嵌入实际产气程度（R_BMP）,提出并应用了一种基于碳氮平衡模型的评估方法,可判别厌氧消化反应器运行状况.