高效脱氮除磷耦合技术物料平衡系统的构建

为了明确系统中反硝化脱氮的具体途径,在传统活性污泥工艺物料衡算方法的基础上,构建了基于短程硝化、同步硝化反硝化和反硝化除磷耦合技术的新型物料平衡系统。以AAO工艺为例,计算了系统稳定运行期间,碳、氮和磷的物料流向,量化了反硝化的5种脱氮途径。结果表明,通过物料衡算推导,系统短程硝化（PN）效率为64．36％。同步硝化反硝化（SND）效率为57．37％;反硝化除磷（DPR）效率为7．82％。对反硝化途径的分析发现,通过亚硝酸盐型同步硝化反硝化去除的氮占32．7％,而作为除磷电子受体得到去除的氮占11．4％。     

电梯结构噪声分析和控制

文中根据民用电梯的一般结构布局,通过对声传播途径分析,得到电梯噪声扰民是受结构噪声影响的结论。通过对电梯系统和电梯与支架组成系统的力平衡分析,得出电梯结构噪声主要是主机支架设计不合理和安装不当产生的。文章提出了结构噪声防治措施,并对结构噪声扰民的多台电梯实施了工程控制措施,均取得了预期的降噪效果。     

Assessing the transformation of chlorinated ethenes in aquifers with limited potential for natural attenuation: added values of compound-specific carbon isotope analysis and groundwater dating

The evaluation of biotransformation of chlorinated ethenes (CEs) in contaminated aquifers is challenging when variable redox conditions and groundwater flow regime are limiting factors. By using compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis (C-CSIA) and ³H-³He based groundwater dating, we assessed three CE-contaminated field sites that differed in groundwater flow velocities, redox conditions, and level of contamination. CE isotopic signatures and carbon isotopic mass balances were applied to quantify CE transformation, whereas groundwater dating allowed determining degradation timescales and assessing hydrodynamic regimes. The combination of these techniques enabled at all field sites to indicate zones within the aquifers where CE dechlorination preferably occurred, sometimes even to metabolites of no toxic concern. However, the natural transformation processes were insufficient to mitigate the entire CE contamination at the studied sites. Such situations of limited transformation are worldwide far more common than sites where optimal natural (mainly redox) conditions are enabling complete CEs degradation. Despite such constraints for natural transformation, this study showed that even under non-favorable biogeochemical CEs degradation, the combination of CSIA and groundwater dating provide valuable information to the understanding of the fate of the CEs, thus, being an important contribution in the definition of efficient remediation measures at any given biogeochemical conditions.     

Behaviour of arsenic in forested catchments following a high-pollution period

Due to high availability of adsorption sites, forested catchments could be net sinks for pollutant arsenic both during the period of increasing and decreasing pollution. We tested this hypothesis along a north-south pollution gradient in spruce die-back affected areas of Central Europe. For two water years (2007-2008), we monitored As fluxes via spruce-canopy throughfall, open-area precipitation, and runoff in four headwater catchments (Czech Republic). Since 1980, atmospheric As inputs decreased 26 times in the north, and 13 times in the south. Arsenic export by runoff was similar to atmospheric inputs at three sites, resulting in a near-zero As mass balance. One site exhibited a net export of As (2.2 g ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). In contrast, the preceding period (1995-2006) showed much higher As fluxes, and higher As export. Czech catchments do not serve as net sinks of atmospheric As. A considerable proportion of old industrial arsenic is flushed out of the soil.     

增养殖区沉积界面营养物质平衡体系研究

通过1999年在大亚湾海水增养殖区现场的调查资料,分析了上覆水、表层沉积物、柱状样品中的TN、TP含量。结果表明:(1)沉积物中营养物质对水体的贡献或交换,主要来自于表层沉积物。(2)TN的溶出率比TP高,沉积界面N的平衡体系易受破坏,沉积物中N对水体作出的贡献比P大。(3)沉积物对水体中的P有吸附现象,经一系列的地球化学过程后,沉积物中的P释放较难。(4)增养殖区上覆水TP的含量较高,超标现象较多。基于以上研究结果,建议以沉积物中TN的含量作为赤潮监测的因子。     

厌氧发酵系统温度的选择和热量平衡

本文分析了厌氧发酵温度的选择和厌氧系统中热量平衡的关系。并运用此关系对薯干酒糟过滤液在冬季最低温度为0℃,夏季最高温度为35℃的地区进行中温和高温厌氧发酵处理中的热量平衡关系分别进行了讨论,证明了对温度为50℃,COD浓度为23g/L的废液进行中温发酵能得到更大的经济效益,但也必须使用所产生的沼气作为能源加热或冷却废液。所需的热量和气温的关系为:Q_t=4.73×105to-3.73×106 (KJ/d)。      

水电站大型起重平衡梁的安全检测与复核

对某水电站桥式起重机并车抬吊使用的大型平衡梁系统进行了全面的安全检测与复核,获取了有效的数据与信息,并据此对平衡梁的安全状况进行了评估,为同类吊具的安全检测提供参考.     

石灰岩和砂岩地区豆科类植物紫花光叶苕(Vicia villosa)中铁和锰的不同分配模式

豆科类植物生物量的减少主要与氮和磷之间的平衡受到影响而有紧密的相关性。然而,其他营养元素之间的不平衡也能响应生物量的减少,比如铁和锰营养元素。选择了贵州茂兰相邻的石灰岩和砂岩地区土壤进行了野外种植实验。实验结果表明:生长着的豆科类植物铁(Fe)和锰(Mn)出现互为相反的分配模式:在砂岩地区生长的豆科类植物根部对铁的吸收相对高于石灰岩地区;而对锰的吸收,石灰岩地区高于砂岩地区。因此,植物根部的Fe∶Mn,砂岩地区高于石灰岩地区。这个结果说明豆科类植物根部对Fe和Mn的吸收存在不同模式。然而,在叶片中的Fe∶Mn砂岩地区和石灰岩地区之间基本没有区别,这说明铁和锰从根部到叶片的迁移具有不同模式。当叶片的Fe∶Mn(质量之比)低于2.9时,有可能响应豆科类植物生物量的减少。我们在研究植物与土壤的营养元素含量之间相关性时,越过环境因素,必须考虑植物内部随生长过程而发生变化的营养元素的化学计量,比如,生长着的植物中Fe∶Mn比值的变化等。     

Ammonia volatilization losses and balance from urea applied to rice on a paddy soil

Ammonia volatilization loss and 15N balance were studied in a rice field at three different stages after urea application in Taihu Lake area with a micrometeorological technique. Factors such as climate and the NH4+-N concentration in the field floodwater affecting ammonia loss were also investigated. Results show that the ammonia loss by volatilization accounted for 18.6%-38.7% of urea applied at different stages, the greatest loss took place when urea was applied at the tillering stage, the smallest at the ear bearing stage, and the intermediate loss at the basal stage. The greatest loss took place within 7 d following the fertilizer application. Ammonia volatilization losses at three fertilization stages were significantly correlated with the ammonium concentration in the field floodwater after the fertilizer was applied. 15N balance experiment indicated that the use efficiency of urea by rice plants ranged between 24.4% and 28.1%. At the early stage of rice growth, the fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency was rather low, only about 12%. The total amount of nitrogen lost from different fertilization stages in the rice field was 44.1%-54.4%, and the ammonia volatilization loss was 25.4%-33.3%. Reducing ammonia loss is an important treatment for improving N use efficiency.     

Integrating Modeling and Field Experiments to Evaluate Impacts of Vegetative Practices on Ponderosa Pine Watersheds1

Abstract: Determining watershed response to vegetation treatment has been the subject of numerous hydrologic studies over the years. However, generalizing the information obtained from traditional paired‐watershed studies to other watersheds in a region is problematic because of the empirical nature of such studies and the context dependence of hydrologic responses. This paper addresses the issue of generalizing hydrologic information through integration of process‐based modeling and field observations from small‐scale watershed experiments. To this end, the results from application of a process‐based model were compared with the results from small‐scale watershed experiments in ponderosa pine forests of Arizona. The model simulated treatment impacts reasonably well when compared to the traditional paired‐watershed approach. However, the model tended to overestimate water yields during periods of low flow, and there was a significant difference between the two approaches in the estimation of treatment impacts during the first four years following treatment. The results indicate that the lumped‐parameter modeling approach used here may be limited in its ability to detect small changes, and tends to overestimate changes that occur immediately following treatment. It is concluded that watershed experiments can be highly informative due to their direct examination of cause‐effect relationships, while process‐based models are useful for their processing power and focus on functional relationships. The integrated use of both watershed experiments and process‐based models provides a way to generalize hydrologic information, illuminate the processes behind landscape treatment effects, and to generate and test hypotheses.