再生资源产业人才需求与院校专业人才培养分析

再生资源产业的快速发展产生了巨大的人才需求,资源循环专业也随之在高等院校中建立起来。如何实现专业人才供需的有机对接,有力地促进再生资源产业的现代化发展,成为亟需解决的难题。分析了再生资源产业发展的现状以及专业人才需求,以及院校资源循环专业人才培养的现状与问题,对促进再生资源产业人才供需对接提出了一些建议。     

Body Heat Balance of a Man with Deficient Sweat Rate Subjected to Physical Work in a Hot Environment

The dynamics of physiological stress and thermal balance were investigated in men subjected to endogenous and exogenous heat loads. The study was conducted using the thermometric method. Substantial differences in the dynamics of the tested parameters and their quantitative characteristics were observed in 1 out of 8 participants. In this article, the observed differences are rationalized in terms of the deficient sweat rate mechanism. It is pointed out that it is indispensable to address these cases in work safety regulations.     

Sensitivity of Landsat‐Scale Energy Balance to Aerodynamic Variability in Mountains and Complex Terrain

The speed and direction of air flow through complex terrain are difficult to define. Both impact sensible and latent heat flux exchanges at the surface. Evapotranspiration (ET) models such as Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC?) estimate ET as a residual of the surface energy process and are thus sensitive to aerodynamics, including terrain‐induced impacts on roughness governing convective heat transfer (H). There is a need to explore the sensitivities of H estimation and thereby ET estimation to wind speed and terrain roughness in mountainous areas and to determine the merit of operating complex mesoscale wind field models in conjunction with the energy balance process. A sensitivity analysis is explored in METRIC where we increased wind speed in proportion to a relative elevation parameter and we increased aerodynamic roughness to assimilate impacts of relative terrain roughness, estimated in proportion to standard deviation of elevation within a 3 km locality. These aerodynamic modifications increased convective heat transfer in complex terrain and reduced estimated ET. In other sensitivity runs, we reduced estimated wind speed on estimated leeward slopes. Estimated ET with and without these sensitivity adjustments is shown for mountainous areas of Montana and Nevada. Changes in ET ranged from little change (<5%) for lower slopes to about 30% reductions on windward slopes and 25% increases on leeward slopes for some mid to high elevations in the Montana application.     

Resource and Environmental Issues in Transitional China: A Perspective from the Interaction Among Market,Government and Society

Abstract

Along with the rapid growth of economy in the postreform period after 1979, China has faced severe problems of resource overusing and environmental degradation which would threaten the sustainable development of economy and society. This article explores an effective mechanism of managing resource and environment in China. It examines some major resource and environmental issues, and constructs a framework of institution innovation to cover three sectors (government, market and society). In addition, the article analyzes their experience and evaluation in resource management and environmental conservation during the transitional period. We argue that the combination of market regulation, government intervention and public participation is an effective way of allocating resource and protecting environment. Some suggestions are put forward to balance the relationship between them, including coordinating role of government and market, building platform for market operation and creating an atmosphere of public participation.     

东昌湖水体富营养化评价及N、P平衡研究

通过对东昌湖2005年水质监测数据的分析,采用卡尔森指数法对东昌湖水体的富营养化水平进行了评价,发现东昌湖水体处于中-富营养化水平。对东昌湖水体富营养化的主要影响因子N、P的平衡研究结果表明：东昌湖N输入量为7．35t,／a,P输入量为1．47t/a,主要来源于随外界输水进入;N和P输出量分别为6．44t／a和0．88t／a,截留率分别为12．4％和39．9％。根据东昌湖N、P平衡,建议采用生物控制模式防止东昌湖水体富营养化的加剧。     

基于改进PWM控制的电网运行安全调制策略研究*

为了提高电网运行抗负载扰动能力和空载能力,提出基于改进PWM控制的电网运行安全调制策略。首先,分析电网不平衡的实际情况,再采用三相PWM整流器负序电压不平衡控制策略,获取电网不对称时PWM整流器不平衡单周控制数学模型,保障电网电压滤除零序电压后的分量;利用改进功率平衡控制策略,在原有控制算法上加入负载电流前馈,解决采样延时对电流内环的响应速度造成影响导致的控制性能不佳,优化控制结果,实现电网运行安全调制。研究结果表明:所研究策略能够实现电网电压不平衡状态下的电网运行安全调制,并且具有良好的抗负载扰动能力和空载能力。     

微生物隔膜在生物阴极MFC中的应用及效能评价

本文构建了2.0L具有微生物隔膜的模块化生物阴极微生物燃料电池（MFC）,以实际生活污水为底物,在连续流运行模式中,系统考察了微生物隔膜（MS）在MFC长期运行过程中的功能特征.结果表明：发育成熟的微生物隔膜可以稳定维持MFC阴阳极室间的溶解氧（DO）浓度梯度,使阳极室平均DO浓度低于0.5mg/L,同时使完全混合的阴极室COD浓度低于50mg/L,避免了电解液性质对于电极反应的抑制.微生物隔膜可以实现离子的跨隔膜迁移,进而平衡阴阳极室间的pH值;阴阳极室间存在的跨隔膜离子梯度意味着微生物隔膜完全分隔了两极室内不同的微生物代谢类型,阴极快速的好氧代谢可能导致了阴极室离子强度的降低.微生物隔膜对于MFC中COD和DO梯度的保持以及pH值的平衡起到了决定性作用,这将严格保证MFC的正常运行.同时,本文论述了在面向规模化应用的MFC中装配微生物隔膜的巨大技术与经济优势,综合评价了微生物隔膜的效能特征,为进一步推广面向实际废水处理的微生物电化学设备提供了技术支撑.     

玉米燃料乙醇生命周期碳平衡分析

玉米燃料乙醇作为化石燃料的替代品,其温室气体排放的多少(净碳排放量)是评价其可持续性的一个重要标准.基于生命周期分析原理,建立了玉米燃料乙醇的碳平衡分析方法.以我国夏玉米燃料乙醇的生产为例,计算了玉米燃料乙醇生命周期的净碳排放量并对其影响因素进行了分析.研究表明:与汽油相比,目前我国夏玉米燃料乙醇的生产并不能明显减少温室气体的排放,为此玉米生产过程中氮肥施用和灌溉以及乙醇转化过程的能耗等方面有待于重点改善.     

The influence of climate and dam construction on the Ibera wetlands, Argentina

The purpose of this work is to assess the impact on the Esteros del Ibera wetland ecosystem caused by the Yacyreta dam, a large hydroelectric power plant on the Parana River, Argentina, in comparison to other factors of environmental change. The project of the dam started around 1970. The power plant began operating in 1994. In 1989, the neighboring Ibera wetland ecosystem showed a substantial increase in the water level for which several different causes were conceivable, including climate change and the dam construction. We analyzed all existing hydrometeorological data and studied other changes that were observed in this ecosystem. A water balance model was used to analyze different scenarios. Increased groundwater inflow, generated since the construction of the dam, appears to be affecting the wetland more than any other factor. The study has implications for the assessment of global and regional consequences of building dams.

北京地区农田生态系统磷养分平衡研究——以密云县和房山区为例

采用农田生态系统磷平衡计算方法,对北京地区密云县和房山区农田土壤磷养分平衡状况进行了研究。结果表明,2006年密云和房山的磷盈余总量分别为4084.11t和10851.19t,磷盈余强度分别为110.81kg/hm2和386.48kg/hm2。磷肥是密云和房山磷素投入的最主要来源,化肥磷的施用量是造成农田土壤磷平衡空间差异的直接因素,两者呈极显著相关关系。不同乡镇化肥投入差异较大,导致磷平衡总量和强度分布严重不平衡,房山县的磷平衡量由西北向东南递增。密云县磷盈余强度表现为西部少,东部多,房山区磷盈余强度较大的地区多在南部地区。通过对比研究,分析磷素养分损失态和盈余态负荷基本趋势,找到污染潜势产生原因,提出了促进农田磷素平衡与降低磷养分负荷相应调控对策和措施。