纳米二氧化钛光催化氧化油田采出水中萘和芴的影响因素分析

利用纳米二氧化钛光催化氧化技术,分析了不同影响因素UV波长(UVA 365 nm、UVB 308 nm和UVC 254nm)、温度、p H、催化剂(Ti O2)、抑制剂(Bu OH)和氧化剂(O2、H2O2和O3)对油田采出水中多环芳烃萘和芴降解效率的影响,并进一步优化出单因子的最佳条件。实验结果表明,各因素对萘和芴降解有不同的影响,但其效果都随波长减小和酸度降低而得到增强。当其他条件为一致最优时(T=90℃,Ti O2=0.5 g/L和Bu OH=0.03 mol),当H2O2=0.01 mol或O2=30 m L/min时,萘的降解率最高,而当H2O2=0.1 mol或O3=30 m L/min对芴的降解效果最好。     

Comparison of various advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of phenylurea herbicides

Various types of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as UV photolysis, ozonation, heterogeneous photocatalysis and their combinations were comparatively examined at the same energy input in a home-made reactor. The oxidative transformations of the phenylurea herbicides fenuron, monuron and diuron were investigated. The initial rates of transformation demonstrated that UV photolysis was highly efficient in the cases of diuron and monuron. Ozonation proved to be much more effective in the transformation of fenuron than in those of the chlorine containing monuron and diuron. In heterogeneous photocatalysis, the rate of decomposition decreased with increase of the number of chlorine atoms in the target molecule. Addition of ozone to UV-irradiated solutions and/or TiO₂-containing suspensions markedly increased the initial rates of degradation. Dehalogenation of monuron and diuron showed that each of these procedures is suitable for the simultaneous removal of chlorinated pesticides and their chlorinated intermediates. Heterogeneous photocatalysis was found to be effective in the mineralization.     

Kinetic studies of endosulfan photochemical degradations by ultraviolet light irradiation in aqueous medium

Kinetic studies of endosulfan photochemical degradation in controlled aqueous systems were carried out by ultraviolet light irradiation at λ = 254 nm. The photolysis of (α + β: 2 + 1) endosulfan, α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan were first-order kinetics. The observed rate constants obtained from linear least-squares analysis of the data were 1 × 10^?4 s^?1; 1 × 10^?4 s^?1; and 2 × 10^?5 s^?1, respectively, and the calculated quantum yields (φ) were 1, 1 and 1.6, respectively. Preliminary differential pulse polarographic (DPP) analysis allowed to observe the possible endosulfan photochemical degradation pathway. This degradation route involves the formation of the endosulfan diol, its transformation to endosulfan ether and finally the ether's complete degradation by observing the potential shifts.     

新农药环境化学行为研究──除草剂绿草定（Triclopyr）在土壤－水环境中的吸附和光解

研究土壤、腐殖酸、粘土矿对绿草定的吸附及溶液中的光降解的结果表明：吸附强弱与土壤理化特性密切相关,Freundlich常数Kf与（3·OM%＋Clay％）pH3有较好的相关性（r＝0.997）;腐殖酸较粘土矿的吸附容量大;绿草定在土壤中的吸附可能有离子键、氢键、配位键及偶极－偶极作用等。太阳光中小于330nm波长的光对降解有效,波长254nm的光对绿草定的降解作用是波长300nm光的3.5倍。     

三唑酮在水中的光化学降解及其影响因素

以太阳光和高压汞灯为光源,研究了水溶液中三唑酮光化学降解的影响因子。结果表明:在不同光源和透光介质下,三唑酮的降解能力从大到小依次为:石英试管 高压汞灯、玻璃试管 高压汞灯、石英试管 太阳光、玻璃试管 太阳光、暗室;水溶液中三唑酮初始浓度越高,其光降解率越低,呈负相关关系;丙酮对三唑酮在水中的光解有极显著的光敏作用,光敏效率与丙酮添加量有显著相关性;三唑酮的光解实质为光氧化作用,溶解氧含量对三唑酮光解有重大影响。     

阴-阳离子表面活性剂对啶虫脒在水溶液中光解的影响

研究了不同浓度的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB)对啶虫脒在水溶液中光解的影响.结果表明,啶虫脒的光反应符合一级反应动力学规律,表面活性剂不直接参与啶虫脒的光反应.SDBS和CTAB对啶虫脒的光反应均有抑制作用,CTAB的抑制作用大于SDBS.当SDBS浓度低于400mg·L-1时,随着浓度的增加,SDBS的抑制作用有增强的趋势,在400mg·L-1时达到最强,而后,随着浓度的增加逐渐减弱.而CTAB的加入量为25mg·L-1时,即产生强烈的抑制作用,抑制率达到62.90%;加入量为50～150mg·L-1时,抑制作用趋于稳定,抑制率为80.36%～87.03%.