聚合铝水解形态对混凝效果及絮体特性的影响

采用微量滴定法制备不同碱化度的聚合铝,并测定其铝形态分布,通过其对腐殖酸-高岭土水样进行烧杯实验,依据絮体的Zeta电位、浊度、UV254及絮体强度因子及恢复因子等参数,以综合评价聚合铝水解形态的混凝机理及其絮体特性。结果表明：聚合铝投加前后铝形态分布存在很大差异,碱化度越低影响越明显,碱化度为0.5的聚合铝中Ala含量由原来的69.57%变为4%左右,而其Alc由9.36%变为50%左右;预制铝的中聚体和高聚体形态在混凝过程中相对比较稳定,而低聚合度的Ala变化显著;Alb电中和能力强,对溶解性有机物去除效果好,其絮体成长速度慢但絮体强度高;Alc具有较强的吸附架桥能力,能促进浊度的去除;预制Alc的吸附架桥能力强于水解生成的Alc,但其絮体恢复性能差。     

不同涡流场形态下混凝效能研究

采用粒子成像速度场仪(PIV)对Taylor-Couette反应器中纯水力流场及添加不同混凝剂的混凝过程进行观测与研究,同时对比聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、三氯化铁(Fe Cl3)的混凝效能与化学条件、水力条件之间的相互关系.结果表明,几种絮凝剂的速度场都较接近于纯水力条件下的速度场,且在波状涡流场中混凝效能最好;Fe Cl3在较宽的转速范围内都能有较高的浊度去除率,而PFS在紊动强度稍大的流场中也能获得好的混凝效能.波状涡流场可为絮凝反应提供最佳的水力条件,而初期波状涡波较有利于产生大粒径絮体,可为后期絮凝反应提供更佳的水力条件.     

臭氧预氧化强化混凝对二级出水中DON作用机制探讨

城市污水厂出水越来越多被中水回用或排入河流间接地作为下游水源水,其中所包含的溶解性有机氮(dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)被认为是含氮消毒副产物(nitrogenous disinfection by-products,N-DBPs)的前体物,受到国内外学者的高度关注.为探讨臭氧预氧化强化混凝对二级出水中DON作用机制,不仅分析了不同相对分子量和亲疏水性DON组分变化,而且还考察氯化消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs)生成潜势;最后结合三维荧光(3DEEM)分析技术,对强化混凝前后DON组成、化学结构特征进行研究.结果表明,臭氧预氧化可以显著提高混凝对DON、DOC和UV254去除效果,其中DON最大去除率提高到3.7倍;pH对臭氧预氧化强化混凝有着重要的影响.随着pH值的增加,DON、DOC和UV254去除率呈下降趋势;Ca~(2+)是臭氧预氧化提高混凝效果的关键因素.随着臭氧浓度增加到8 mg·L~(-1)时,ζ电位由-33 m V上升到-8 m V,Ca~(2+)浓度则从116 mg·L~(-1)下降到89 mg·L~(-1).ζ电位和溶解性Ca~(2+)浓度的线性关系(R~2=0.97)可以表明,只有当Ca~(2+)浓度较高时臭氧预氧化才能显著地提高混凝效果;臭氧预氧化强化混凝处理后,相对大分子量(20×103)和疏水性DON所占比例显著下降,相对小分子量(6×103)和亲水性DON所占比例增加.DBPs的生成潜势总和明显降低,由120.1μg·L~(-1)下降到65.2μg·L~(-1);最后,经3DEEM光谱分析可知,在臭氧预氧化强化混凝过程中DON浓度和DBPs生成潜势变化与3DEEM光谱中3个主要荧光峰有关,分别代表色氨酸类蛋白质、芳香族类蛋白质和富里酸类物质.     

Optimized pre-treatment of high strength food waste digestate by high content aluminum-nanocluster based magnetic coagulation

Coagulation-based pre-treatment efficiency of high strength digestate of food waste (HSDFW) anaerobic digestion is negated by organic ligand-catalyzed decomposition of coagulants. In this study, an efficient HSDFW pre-treatment method, magnetic seeds (MS) coagulation, was employed by using highly stable Keggin Al₃₀ nanocluster (PAC₃₀), MS and polyacrylamide (PAM), and its operation was optimized by evaluating the performance of removing turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phosphorous (TP) phosphate. Results showed that at the optimum dosage of 4.82 g/L, PAC₃₀ demonstrated excellent removals as high as 98.93% ± 0.1% of turbidity, 98.04% ± 0.1% of TSS, 58.28% ± 0.3% of total COD, 99.98% ± 0.01% of TP and 99.50% ± 0.01% of dissolved phosphate, respectively. Apparent molecular weight (AMW) and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy analyses demonstrated more efficient removal of dissolved organic matter (DOM), particularly non-biodegradable and hydrophobic components by PAC₃₀ than commercial coagulant. The sedimentation was much improved from 40 min by coagulation/flocculation to about 5 min settling by MS coagulation. The PAC₃₀ based magnetic coagulation (MC) presents theoretical guidance on a cost-effective and much less footprint pre-treatment alternative for high strength wastewater.     

双酚A废水的污染状况及处理技术

介绍了环境激素———双酚A(BPA)的来源、污染状况。BPA具有环境激素效应,能够诱导人类女性乳腺癌细胞MCF-7及男性前列腺癌细胞株PC-3增殖;使哺乳动物生殖异常;并使雄性鱼体内的血浆卵黄素VTG显著提高,抑制鱼类受精卵的发育。双酚A来源广泛,在地面水与饮用水中均有检出。目前,BPA处理虽已研究过多种方法,但尚无经济有效的技术,有待继续研究开发。对混凝沉淀法处理BPA废水进行了研究。实验证明,采用FeCl3作为混凝剂处理BPA是有效的,虽去除率不高,但在废水处理工艺中对去除环境激素发挥一定作用。     

臭氧-紫外预处理对高有机物原水混凝效果的影响

以腐殖酸为模型污染物,分别考察了臭氧氧化、紫外照射及臭氧-紫外联合预处理过程对高有机物原水混凝性能的影响.结果表明,3种预处理方式均对原水中的溶解性腐殖酸具有明显的矿化作用.紫外及臭氧-紫外联合预处理还对后续的混凝过程具有强化作用.随着臭氧投量的增加和紫外照射时间的延长,混凝过滤出水的TOC和浊度呈明显下降趋势.当臭氧浓度(O3/C)达到9.0 mg/mg时,预处理对腐殖酸的去除率可以达到47%,过滤出水TOC含量为3.5 mg/L,浊度为2.6 NTU;紫外光照射3 h可去除原水中52%的溶解性有机物,其出水TOC为2.0 mg/L,浊度低于1.0 NTU.臭氧-紫外联合预处理后的混凝效果要明显优于二者单独作用的系统.在联合预处理系统中,当预臭氧浓度(O3/C)为1.0 mg/mg紫外照射时间为1 h时,过滤出水TOC为2.6 mg/L,且浊度低于1.0 NTU.不同预处理条件下的矿化作用主要是通过.OH实现的,同时.OH还对溶解性腐殖酸的团聚结构产生破坏作用,使其稳定性降低,从而促进了混凝过程对有机物的去除.     

紫外辐射对高岭土混凝过程的影响机制

高岭土普遍存在于水源水体中,对水处理过程以及污染物的迁移转化有着重要的影响.本文以聚合氯化铝作为混凝剂,通过烧杯实验系统考察了紫外辐射对高岭土混凝过程的影响规律.结果表明,在中性和偏酸性环境下,紫外辐射对高岭土悬浊液的混凝过程具有一定的促进作用.当溶液pH、混凝剂投量以及辐射时间分别为7.0、30 mg·L~(-1)和2.0 h时,紫外辐射后高岭土在混凝出水中的去除率可由原来的81.05%增至93.90%.这可能与光辐射后高岭土结构中的—OH伸缩振动吸收强度降低,Si—O伸缩振动吸收峰和Si—O弯曲振动吸收峰有所增强有关,使得高岭土表面的活性位点(—OH)数量下降;宏观上表现为微粒表面所带负电性下降,有利于在混凝过程中脱稳沉降.然而,在碱性条件下,其沉降性能却略低于未经紫外辐射处理的水样.     

陶瓷电镀废水的三级处理工艺

以色度、浊度、悬浮物浓度、电导率及金属离子浓度为检测指标,研究进水pH、混凝剂种类与投量、沉降时间及重金属捕捉剂对陶瓷电镀废水的处理效果,探讨陶瓷电镀废水处理的适宜操作条件及工艺组合。实验表明,陶瓷电镀废水的组合处理工艺:调整废水pH为一级处理,投加PAC的混凝沉降法为二级处理,投加重金属捕捉剂为三级处理;先调节废水pH至9,投加50 mg/L的PAC,再投加20 mg/L重金属捕捉剂,此时废水的色度降至10倍,浊度降至16 NTU,悬浮物浓度降至210 mg/L去除率达到95.1%,各金属离子浓度也明显降低,处理出水的悬浮物达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)的三级标准,其他各指标均达到《电镀污染物排放标准》(GB21900-2008)。     

Effects of humic acid on residual Al control in drinking water treatment plants with orthophosphate addition

This study aimed to investigate the effects of humic acid (HA) on residual Al control in drinking water facilities that used orthophosphate addition. The results showed that adding orthophosphate was an effective method for residual Al control for the raw water without HA. When orthophosphate was added at 1.0 min before the addition of poly aluminum chloride (PACl), the concentrations of soluble aluminum (Sol-Al) and total aluminum (Tot-Al) residue were 0.08 and 0.086 mg·L^-1, respectively; both were reduced by 46% compared with the control experiment. The presence of HA would notably increase the residual Al concentration. For the raw water with 5 mg·L^-1 of HA, the concentrations of Sol-Al and Tot-Al increased from 0.136 and 0.174 mg·L^-1 to 0.172 and 0.272 mg·L^-1, respectively. For water with a HA concentration above 5 mg·L^-1, orthophosphate was ineffective in the control of residual Al, though there were still parts of orthophosphate were removed in coagulation. The amounts of Al removal were positively correlated with the solids freshly formed in coagulation. Similar to the raw water without HA, the best Al control was obtained with orthophosphate salt added at 1.0 min before PACl. HA concentrations in the raw water, solution pH, and the orthophosphate dosage suitable for residual Al control by orthophosphate precipitation were also investigated.     

Fenton试剂石灰法处理苎麻脱胶前段混合废水的试验研究

探讨了Fenton试剂石灰法处理苎麻脱胶前段混合废水工艺。试验表明,当FeSO₄₂O、H₂O₂（30％）、饱和石灰乳的投加量分别为3 g/L、2 mL/L和3 mL/L时,COD的去除率50％以上,色度去除率达到90％以上。更重要的是,处理后出水可部分回用于煮炼生产,从而节约生产用碱量,减少废水排放量, 还可提高废水可生化性,为后续生物处理创造条件。