环境介质中药物和个人护理品的潜在风险研究进展

药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)在环境介质中的残留物作为一种新型污染物在环境介质中的转归,逐渐成为环境工作者和公众密切关注的焦点.这些物质特殊的物化特性及其被大量使用的现状,给生态环境和人类健康带来一定的潜在风险.由PPCPs使用所引发的风险问题正在成为当前学术界所面临的研究方向之一.欧洲和美国已经开始了对PPCPs的风险评估研究,中国研究者仅对某些药物的分析检测方法进行了初步探索,对PPCPs的潜在风险研究还呈空白.从PPCPs的物化特性及其对环境介质的影响入手,对其潜在风险进行了分析,并介绍了目前国外PPCPs风险研究进展,以期为中国开展PPCPs的风险评估提供参考.     

Correlates of bushmeat in markets and depletion of wildlife

We used data on number of carcasses of wildlife species sold in 79 bushmeat markets in a region of Nigeria and Cameroon to assess whether species composition of a market could be explained by anthropogenic pressures and environmental variables around each market. More than 45 mammal species from 9 orders were traded across all markets; mostly ungulates and rodents. For each market, we determined median body mass, species diversity (game diversity), and taxa that were principal contributors to the total number of carcasses for sale (game dominance). Human population density in surrounding areas was significantly and negatively related to the percentage ungulates and primates sold in markets and significantly and positively related to the proportion of rodents. The proportion of carnivores sold was higher in markets with high human population densities. Proportion of small‐bodied mammals (<1 kg) sold in markets increased as human population density increased, but proportion of large‐bodied mammals (>10 kg) decreased as human population density increased. We calculated an index of game depletion (GDI) for each market from the sum of the total number of carcasses traded per annum and species, weighted by the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_max) of each species, divided by individuals traded in a market. The GDI of a market increased as the proportion of fast‐reproducing species (highest r_max) increased and as the representation of species with lowest r_max (slow‐reproducing) decreased. The best explanatory factor for a market's GDI was anthropogenic pressure—road density, human settlements with >3000 inhabitants, and nonforest vegetation. High and low GDI were significantly differentiated by human density and human settlements with >3000 inhabitants. Our results provided empirical evidence that human activity is correlated with more depleted bushmeat faunas and can be used as a proxy to determine areas in need of conservation action.     

上海PRED的系统分析及调控指标研究

在对上海ＰＲＥＤ研究中，建立ＰＲＥＤ系统因子模型，以１９７８－１９９５年的数据为基础，计算了上海ＰＲＥＤ系统７个因子间的相关系数列出相关矩阵，据此分析了该时期内多因子的演变及其相关性，得出了系统的各因子演变显著的不同步性和单因子演变无规律的跳跃性特征，认为环境与经济是上海ＰＲＥＤ系统有效调控关键，经济发展总量的改善和积极管理可以缓解人口等因子的制约作用。     

钢铁厂铁鳞、铁红基本物性及还原性研究

对钢铁厂铁鳞、铁红的基本物化性能和还原性能进行了研究。结果表明：粒度较粗、全铁较高铁鳞的还原性较好，适于作为优质海绵铁的原料。粒度极细、全铁高且杂质含量很低的铁红还原性也较好，适于作还原铁粉生产的原料。     

阜山金矿区构造变形岩相特征与成矿流体构造物理化学特征研究

在构造动力成岩成矿思路的指导下 ,通过构造变形岩相形迹填图区分不同的岩石构造单元 ,并在此基础上研究不同构造带的流体特征 ,进行物理化学场结构与界面分析及流体参量填图 ,试图建立阜山金矿床成矿的构造物理化学模型     

1960-2016年中国北方地区极端干湿事件演变特征

基于中国北方地区424个气象站点1960-2016年的日气象数据础,应用FAO Penman-Monteith模型计算潜在蒸散（ET₀）,基于降水量和潜在蒸散计算湿润指数,对湿润指数进行标准化后统计极端干湿事件频率,分析极端干湿事件频率的空间变化趋势、多时间尺度演变特征以及ENSO事件对极端干湿事件变化趋势的影响。结果表明：北方极端干旱和极端湿润事件频率分别呈显著下降和显著上升趋势,年际倾向率分别为-0.10次/10年和0.13次/10年。空间上,极端干旱频率整体呈减少趋势,包括青藏高原、西北和东北地区。西北极端干旱频率减少速率较大,青藏高原中部、新疆北部和东北北部部分站点极端湿润频率增加幅度较大。各年代中,华北极端干旱多发,东北和青藏高原极端湿润多发。季节上,分区极端干旱发生概率均大于极端湿润发生概率,华北极端干旱发生概率最高,青藏高原极端湿润发生概率最高。ENSO与湿润指数存在滞后性的关系。El Niño翌年,气候偏湿润的年份较多;La Nina翌年,气候偏干旱的年份较多。SSTA与翌年湿润指数在年际和夏季两个时间尺度上存在显著的正相关关系。     

Nutrient dynamics in shallow lakes of northern greece

GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: Shallow lakes display a number of features that set them apart from the more frequently studied deeper systems. The majority of lakes in Northern Greece are small to moderate in size with a relatively low depth and are considered as sites of high value of the wetland habitat. However, the water quality of these lakes has only been evaluated segmentally and occasionally. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to thoroughly investigate nitrogen and phosphorus speciation in lakes of a high ecological significance located in N. Greece, in order to evaluate their eutrophication status and possible nutrient limitation factors, and to investigate the main factors/sources that affect the water quality of these systems. METHODS: An extensive survey was carried out during the period from 1998-1999. Water samples were collected on a monthly basis from lakes Koronia, Volvi, Doirani, Mikri Prespa and Megali Prespa located in N. Greece. Water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and conductivity), organic indices (COD, BOD5), and N- and P-species (NO3(-), NO2(-), NH4(+), and PO4(3-), Kieldahl nitrogen and acid-hydrolysable phosphorus) were determined according to standard methods for surface water. Statistical treatment of the data was employed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The physicochemical parameters determined in the lakes studied revealed a high temporal variation. The trophic state of the lakes ranged from meso- to hypertrophic. The nutrient limiting factor varied among lakes suggesting either P-limitation conditions or mixed conditions changing from P- to N-limitation throughout the year. Urban/industrial activities and agricultural runoff are the major factors affecting all lakes, although with a varying contribution. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: This lake-specific research offers valuable information about water quality and nutrient dynamics in lakes of significant ecological value located in N. Greece that can be useful for an effective pollution control/management of these systems. Due to the large intra-annual variability of certain physicochemical parameters, a properly designed monitoring program of lake water is recommended.     

含铜酞菁染料废水及树脂废水的处理工艺研究及应用

采用逆流洗涤方式有效减轻酸污染。含铜酞菁废水采用铁炭微电解预处理技术 ,树脂废水采用物化预处理技术 ,再通过厌氧水解———SBR好氧生化处理技术的工艺流程 ,成功地治理了该有机化工废水 ,出水达到国家排放标准     

渗滤液灌溉土壤N_2O释放及氨挥发的研究

选用2种供试土壤(S1和S2),通过培养试验研究了渗滤液投加土壤后N2O释放、氨挥发及矿物氮的转化,并讨论了土壤理化性质对上述过程的影响.土壤pH值较大程度地决定了氨的挥发,仅投加渗滤液的碱性土S1在培养期的前5 d内测到氨挥发,通过氨挥发共损失了约3.0‰的渗滤液氮.投加同等含量的渗滤液后,不同土壤可导致N2O释放量近20倍的差异(P<0.01).土壤含水率(WFPS)影响了土壤中硝酸盐氮的生成速率,从而制约了N2O释放通量的高低.与WFPS为46%时相比,投加蒸馏水的土壤S1、投加渗滤液的土壤S1和土壤S2在WFPS为70%的条件下N2O的释放通量均值分别提高了6.5(P>0.05)、1.8(P>0.05)和2.2倍(P<0.05).渗滤液投加土壤在10 d培养期内,土壤S1和S2因N2O释放分别损失了41.1‰和2.3‰的渗滤液氮.为此,控制灌溉土壤的含水率(<70%WFPS),并选用酸性土壤可有效地控制渗滤液灌溉下N20的释放和氨挥发.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的物理化学特性

分析了生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的粒径、微观形貌及组成。结果表明:98%～99%的飞灰颗粒粒径在4～100μm之间,颗粒分布比较均匀;玻璃相含量高达59%,其中的玻璃微珠使得飞灰具有较大的活性;主要化学成分是CaO、SiO2和Al2O3,含量分别35.8%、20.5%、5.8%,构成SiO2-Al2O3-金属氧化物体系;主要矿物成分是SiO2、CaCl2、Ca3Si2O7、Ca2SiO.40.35H2O、Ca9Si6O21.H2O、K2Al2Si2O8.3.8H2O和AlCl3.4A(lOH).34H2O等硅酸盐及铝硅酸盐,因此飞灰是一种有用材料。