HYDROGEOLOGIC EVALUATION OF WETLAND BASINS FOR LAND USE PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: Wetlands occur in a variety of geologic, hydrologic, and topographic settings and exhibit diverse hydrogeologic characteristics. A wetland is more than an organic mat - it is an element in a larger hydrogeologic system. Three distinct but related effects of wetlands are: modifying the character of runoff from a basin, influencing the discharge/recharge relationship with the underlying aquifer, and effecting the potential for ground water development in a wetland dominated basin. An important goal of wetland research is to define the diverse roles that wetlands play in the regional hydrology and to define the geologic, hydrologic, and topographic factors that will allow meaningful distinctions among wetlands. Geologic and hydrologic factors include character and thickness of surficial materials; bedrock type; hydrologic position; permeability of organic layer; transmissivity, quality, and hydrologic connection of wetland related aquifers; ground water outflow; and depth of standing water. Topographic factors are position in the drainage basin, relative size, and absolute size of wetlands. A wetland classification to aid hydrologists and land use planners is proposed using selected factors involving hydrologic position, topographic position, and geologic type.     

WATERLAW AND THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: A TEXAS EXAMPLE1

ABSTRACT Scientists usually regard all water as merely passing through, but in different phases of, the endless hydrologic cycle. The law divides water in the cycle into several different classes. Each is treated separately and generally without consideration of interconnections existing within the cycle. Different rules of law have arisen concerning the ownership and use of each legal class. Under Texas law several classes of surface and ground water are recognized, and weather modification efforts bring yet another class, atmospheric moisture, under consideration. It is instructive to follow water moving through the hydrologic cycle in the Nueces River basin, Texas, as a framework for discussing the substantial interconnections between the various legal classes of water and the difficulties that arise from attempts to apply different rules of law to each class. Strictures imposed by Texas water law can seriously interfer with coordinated, efficient use and management of water resources, as evidenced by the Nueces River basin. Well-recognized, existing water rights in the several phases of the hydrologic cycle make change of these institutional constraints difficult to achieve.     

IMPACTS OF URBAN LANDUSE ON MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Macroinvertebrates were used to assess the impact of urbanization on stream quality across a gradient of watershed imperviousness in 43 southeastern Wisconsin streams. The percentage of watershed connected imperviousness was chosen as the urbanization indicator to examine impact of urban land uses on macroinvertebrate communities. Most urban land uses were negatively correlated with the Shannon diversity index, percent of pollution intolerant Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera individuals, and generic richness. Nonurban land uses were positively correlated with these same metrics. The Hilsenhoff biotic index indicated that stream quality declined with increased urbanization. Functional feeding group metrics varied across a gradient of urbanization, suggesting changes in stream quality. Proportions of collectors and gatherers increased, while proportions of filterers, scrapers, and shredders decreased with increased watershed imperviousness. This study demonstrated that urbanization severely degraded stream macroinvertebrate communities, hence stream quality. Good stream quality existed where imperviousness was less than 8 percent, but less favorable assessments were inevitable where imperviousness exceeded 12 to 20 percent. Levels of imperviousness between 8 and 12 percent represented a threshold where minor increases in urbanization were associated with sharp declines in stream quality.     

消防科学技术发展历程回顾及火灾科学与消防工程学科体系探讨

在回顾消防科学技术发展历程的基础上 ,论述了火灾科学与消防工程学科体系与分类。火灾科学与消防工程学是一门以火灾发生与发展规律及其预防与扑救技术为研究对象的新兴交叉性学科。其具备火灾学、消防技术和消防工程所形成的完整知识体系 ;其下属的子学科包括火灾学、防火工程、灭火工程、消防管理工程、灭火指挥工程、火灾原因调查技术及其他相关学科。大力开展火灾科学与消防工程学科体系领域的研究 ,推进消防科学技术学科建设 ,是社会进步与科技发展的必然 ,也是加入WTO后保证经济国际化发展的客观要求。     

泥石流预报分类及其研究现状和发展方向

泥石流预报是泥石流减灾的重要手段之一,这方面的研究越来越多,研究内容和形式也越来越广泛、多样.但在众多的研究中,使用的都是内涵宽泛的泥石流预报概念而未进行细化和分类.为了促进泥石流预报研究的发展,通过综合分析和研究,归纳并提出了比较系统的泥石流预报分类方法和体系,确定了不同类型泥石流预报的具体内涵,并对不同类型泥石流预报现状进行了综合分析,同时提出了今后的发展方向.     

地震环境下不同重要性建筑的抗震设防水准

针对我国进行建筑物重要性分类时没有考虑地震环境影响的现实,采用地震危险性分析的方法将我国划分为地震危险性不同的3个区.同时,在采用调整设计基准期来标定建筑的重要性类别的基础上,利用地震动参数的危险性曲线,分析了不同重要性建筑在不同危险性特征分区内、不同设防概率水准(常遇、偶遇、罕遇地震)下的地震动参数(设防烈度、地震影响系数和地震地面运动加速度)的取值,最终证实调整结构的设计基准期并考虑地震环境的影响是标定结构的重要性从而调整设防等级的一种好方法.     

环保自动举报系统的功能需求和探讨

环保自动举报系统用于环保热线,通过应用环保自动举报系统,环保部门能提高服务品质,能对环境污染举报工作进行科学化和自动化的管理,本文就环保自动举报系统的应有功能进行探讨。     

CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROLOGIC BEHAVIORS IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: Environmental response to acidic deposition results from movement of water through the ecosystem. As a part of the environmental studies for acidic deposition sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), hydrologic classification based on regional baseflow properties was done. To obtain the amount of baseflow, a flow separation method was developed based on the division of streamflows into “baseflow” and “other” runoff sources. Because of the differences in the flow paths and exposure duration, the two components were assumed to be associated with distinct geo-chemical responses. Individual annual hydrographs were analyzed using 31 separation slopes to determine the amount of baseflow. A total of 1575 streamflow stations in the Northeastern U.S. were analyzed through the access of a long-term daily stream-flow data base. An interactive computer program was developed to obtain baseflow properties and other hydrologic characteristics of each station. The output from this analysis was used to perform cluster analysis to classify streamflow behaviors. The clustering output showed different regional boundaries than those currently used by the EPA for water quality studies.     

DESIGNATION OF WETLANDS BY WEIGHTED AVERAGES OF VEGETATION DATA: A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION1

ABSTRACT: Weighted averages (WA) was investigated as a vegetation-based method for wetland designation, to be used in conjunction with the wetland indicator status of plants from Wetland Plants of the United States of America 1986 (Reed, 1986). Ecological indices were assigned to indicator groups and were used to compute weighted averages for quantitative data obtained from four studies of wetland vegetation conducted in various regions of the United States. Weighted averages of vegetation data proved to be a useful tool for assessing wetland status of the vegetation types included in our study: (1) rankings of vegetation stands or types by WA correlated well with their positions on environmental moisture gradients; and (2) the results of WA could be used, together with a wetland/upland break-point, to designate vegetation types as wetland or upland in a way that agreed well, in three of the four studies, with an alternative classification of wetland habitats. The variation of weighted averages among the sampling units representing a vegetation type was generally small relative to the range of ecological indices assigned. However, designations based on weighted average scores close to the break-point should be considered provisional and must be verified with supplementary data on soils and hydrology.     

山东省旅游经济综合实力评价与类型划分

以山东省17个地区为区域研究单元，运用因子分析法对山东省旅游经济的发展水平进行了综合评价，并结合聚类分析方法把各地旅游经济划分为5种类型。以统计结果为依据，不仅给出了各地区的综合名次和属类，还对形成原因进行了有针对性地分析。