金属半导体纳米粒子对水培水稻幼苗的毒性及吸收转运规律

金属半导体纳米粒子由于其独特的理化性质被广泛应用于工业生产和科学研究,而遗留在水环境中的金属半导体纳米粒子对植物的危害程度和累积水平还有待研究和完善.本文以水稻为实验对象,通过水培试验研究了氧化铜纳米粒子(CuONPs)、氧化锌纳米粒子(ZnONPs)和硫化锌纳米粒子(ZnSNPs)在不同浓度(10、50和100 mg·L~(-1))下的植物毒性及其在水稻体内的吸收转运行为.纳米粒子悬浮液的粒径分布和Zeta电位分析结果表明,CuONPs在水中的分散性和稳定性高于ZnONPs和ZnSNPs.ZnONPs悬浮液中溶解的金属离子量高于CuONPs和ZnSNPs悬浮液.毒性实验结果表明,较高浓度(50和100 mg·L~(-1))的ZnONPs和CuONPs不同程度地阻碍了水稻幼苗的生长,增加了根系中丙二醛(MDA)的含量,降低了根系活力和叶片中的叶绿素含量.50和100 mg·L~(-1)的ZnONPs导致根系鲜重分别降低至对照组的47.3%和44.3%,100 mg·L~(-1)ZnONPs和CuONPs使根系活力由对照组的710.4μg·g-1·h~(-1)分别降低至150.0和481.9μg·g-1·h~(-1).ZnSNPs在实验设置浓度下体现了促进水稻生长的作用.10 mg·L~(-1)的ZnSNPs使地上部分鲜重增加到对照组的109.8%,100 mg·L~(-1)时使根系活力提高到了对照组的2倍.Zn的选择性吸收和生物转运系数均高于Cu,本研究结果证明了金属半导体纳米粒子的植物毒性和累积水平与纳米粒子在水中的理化性质及植物对不同毒物的反应程度有关.     

添加玉米秸秆对绿花菜尾菜堆肥植物毒性的影响

为揭示不同比例作物秸秆和蔬菜尾菜堆肥过程中种子毒性变化及其影响机理,开展了为期55 d的以玉米（Zea mays L.）秸秆为辅料,绿花菜（Brassica oleracea L.var.botrytis L.）尾菜为主料的工厂化条垛堆肥,分别设置加入高（湿重比4∶12）和低（湿重比1∶12）比例秸秆与尾菜的堆肥处理.测定了不同时期堆肥p H、电导率（EC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、硝氮（NO₃^--N）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、碳氮比（C/N）、大白菜种子（Brassica rapa L.）的发芽指数（Germination Index,GI）、相对生长指数（Relative Growth Index,RGI）和α-淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶的变化.结果表明,高比例秸秆堆肥处理的高温（>55℃）持续期显著高于低比例处理.堆肥结束时两个处理的堆肥均呈碱性,且EC、DOC、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量均降低,C/N...     

Pharmacological evaluation of crude methanolic extract of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves

Medicinal plants play a crucial role in maintaining human health. Kalanchoe pinnata has been used for treatment of different ailments like infections, rheumatism, and inflammation. Data showed that Kalancho pinnata methanolic extract (100 or 1000 μg/ml) significantly inhibited growth of shoots (hypocotyls) and roots (radicals) of rice compared to control after 3 or 7 days treatment. Further, the Kalancho pinnata methanolic extract (50–1000 μg/ml) exhibited antioxidant properties and scavenged free radicals in dose-dependent manner compared with a standard antioxidant (ascorbic acid). Kalancho pinnata methanolic extract also possesses antifungal property that inhibited approximately 76% and 51% growth of Aspergillus flavous and Aspergillus niger, respectively, using the extract at 200 μg/ml.     

Phytotoxicity in seven higher plant species exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate or bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

We investigated phytotoxicity in seven plant species exposed to a range of concentrations (0– 500 mg·kg⁻¹ soil) of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) or bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), two representative phthalate esters (PAEs) nominated by USEPA as priority pollutants and known environmental estrogens. We studied seed germination, root elongation, seedling growth, biomass (fresh weight, FW) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of shoots and roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), oat (Avena sativa) and onion (Allium cepa L.), together with monitoring of plant pigment content (chlorophyll a, b and carotinoids) in alfalfa, radish and onion shoots. Root elongation, seedling growth and biomass of the test species were generally inhibited by DnBP but not by DEHP, indicating a lower level of phytotoxicity of DEHP than of DnBP. MDA contents of four species were promoted by PAE exposure, but not in alfalfa, ryegrass or onion shoots, indicating lower sensitivity of these three species to PAE pollutants. Plant pigment contents were clearly affected under the stress of both pollutants, implying the potential damage to the photosynthetic system of test plants, mainly by decreasing the content of chlorophyll a and b. Results of DnBP and DEHP phytotoxicity to the primary growth of test plants has provided information for the assessment of their environmental risk in the soil and also forms a basis for the further analysis of their toxic effects over the whole growth period of different plant species.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land.A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi.The loamy soil was mixed with 0%,20%,40%,60% and 80%(by weight)of digested sewage sludge(SS)and composted sludge (SC).The additions of the both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions,resulting in that exchangeable(EXCH)and organic matter(OM) became predominance for Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion.There was more available amount for Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments.During the pot experiment,the concentration of Zn in EXCH,carbonate(CAR)and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments,so their bioavailability reduced.Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi.The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments.Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship toΔEXCH andΔCAR forms but also inΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures.Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted byΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time,which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

紫色土中镍植物毒性的研究

镍植物效应在不同土壤中有着很大差异。本文以盆栽试验从土壤、植物两方面研究了镍在6种不同理化性质紫色土中对莴笋的毒性特征。镍对莴笋的毒性是植物诱导性缺镁和叶片Ni/Mn值增大（＞0.06～0.10）所致。石灰性紫色土供镁不足是其镍毒性加剧的原因。土壤的组份与性质对土壤镍毒性行为有很大影响。因此,评价土壤镍植物效应时,必须注意土壤的理化特性     

西红柿镍毒害的土壤主控因子和预测模型研究

选取我国有代表性的17种土壤,运用生态毒理学方法研究了土壤中外源镍(Ni)对西红柿的毒性,结果发现土壤中外源Ni对西红柿的生长毒性主要受土壤pH值、有机碳含量的影响.在供试淋洗(使用模拟的人工雨水滤洗定量的土壤样品)和非淋洗土壤中,Ni对西红柿生物量50%抑制的毒性阈值(EC50)范围分别从11mg·kg-1到932mg·kg-1和从7mg·kg-1到2055mg·kg-1,其最大值和最小值比例分别达到了85和294倍.土壤pH值是土壤中Ni对西红柿生长毒性的主控因子,进一步引入土壤有机碳因子时,淋洗和非淋洗土壤理化性质和EC50之间回归方程的决定系数R2由0.853和0.743分别提高到了0.925和0.824.利用土壤性状(土壤pH值、有机碳含量)可以较好地预测土壤中外源Ni对西红柿生长的毒性阈值.     

水体阿特拉津残留对千屈菜的毒性效应

为向水体污染的植物修复技术提供依据,采用营养液水培法研究5个阿特拉津浓度(1、2、4、8和16 mg L-1)下千屈菜鲜重增量、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、根系活力和叶绿素含量等的变化差异.结果表明,阿特拉津胁迫下,千屈菜在实验浓度范围内均可存活和生长;但鲜重增量、RWC、叶绿素含量均有不同程度的下降,根系活力和POD活性降低,同时MDA含量上升,膜脂过氧化程度加剧.阿特拉津浓度越高,其对千屈菜的毒性越高.1 mg L-1处理下,除POD活性外植物其他生长和生理指标均与空白对照无显著差异;但16 mgL-1处理下,鲜重增量、MDA含量和POD活性则显著低于正常水平.由于阿特拉津的降解,这种不良影响随处理时间的延长而减弱.千屈菜对低浓度阿特拉津(≤1 mg L-1)具有较高耐受性.     

不同生育期镉胁迫对两种水稻的生长、镉吸收及糙米镉含量的影响

采用分阶段加镉水培试验,对杂交水稻“威优1126”和常规水稻“浙辐802”不同生育期对Cd胁迫的生长反应及其对Cd吸收、积累与分配特性进行了比较研究。结果表明,水稻对Cd胁迫的反应因生育期不同而异,幼穗分化之前(前期),镉毒害主要表现为降低光合生产力;幼穗分化至抽穗期(中期)主要抑制幼穗的分化与发育过程;抽穗之后(后期)主要阻碍碳水化合物和NP养分向穗部迁移和转化。从对产量形成影响来看,幼穗分化—抽穗期是水稻对Cd胁迫反应最敏感时期。水稻吸Cd速率为中期>后期>前期。糙米中Cd的含量受水稻植株吸收Cd的总量和茎叶Cd向籽粒转移效率的双重影响。杂交稻对Cd的吸收能力与常规水稻相近,但Cd在地上部分累积的比例比常规水稻高4.9%~21.8%,籽粒部分的镉与茎叶部分镉的比例比常规稻高49%~95%,糙米Cd含量比常规稻高33%~72%。从减产效应和对稻米卫生品质损害来看,杂交水稻对环境Cd污染比常规水稻更加敏感。