部分苯衍生物对黄瓜种子发芽率的抑制毒性及QSAR研究

采用半静态培养法测定了29种苯衍生物对黄瓜种子发芽率的48h抑制毒性,并进行了定量结构-活性相关研究．结果表明：苯衍生物对黄瓜种子发芽率的抑制毒性不仅与化合物的疏水性(lgKOW)有关,而且与其分子最低未占轨道能量(ELUMO)有关．     

2个镉耐性差异箭舌豌豆品种中镉的化学形态及亚细胞分布

通过溶液培养实验,研究了镉胁迫下2个箭舌豌豆(Vicia sativa)品种(镉耐性品种L3,镉敏感品种ZM)中镉的积累、镉的亚细胞分布和化学形态以及非蛋白巯基化合物(NPTs)的响应。结果表明2个箭舌豌豆品种根较地上部积累更多的镉。镉在箭舌豌豆根、茎和叶中主要分布于可溶性组分,敏感品种ZM根中可溶性组分的镉含量和占总镉的比例显著高于耐性品种L3。细胞壁结合镉占总镉的比例在2个品种中均为叶>茎>根。镉在箭舌豌豆根和茎内主要以去离子水(d-H2O)提取态和1 mol·L-1氯化钠(Na Cl)提取态存在,ZM根中d-H2O提取态镉的含量和比例显著大于L3。箭舌豌豆叶中镉主要以2%醋酸(HAc)提取态存在。ZM叶中80%乙醇提取态镉的比例大于L3,0.6 mol·L-1盐酸(HCl)提取态镉和残渣态镉的比例小于L3。2个品种根和茎中NPTs的含量在镉胁迫下显著升高,ZM根中NPTs的含量显著大于L3。研究结果表明,箭舌豌豆镉解毒的主要机制包括限制镉由根部向地上部转运和液泡隔离。此外,根和茎中镉与有机酸结合和NPTs螯合,叶中镉以移动性低、毒性低的形态存在也是箭舌豌豆镉解毒的重要机制。ZM较L3根中更多镉以移动性高的形态存在,L3较ZM叶中更多镉以难移动的形态存在,是L3较ZM具有更高镉耐性的重要原因。     

不同堆肥方式对鸡粪与秸秆混合堆肥效果

以鸡粪和玉米秸秆为堆肥原材料,进行了露天堆肥和反应器堆肥对比实验。结果表明,反应器堆肥（堆体P2）较露天堆肥（堆体P1）升温快,堆体P2达到了《粪便无害化卫生标准（GB7959—87）》的要求,堆体P1未达到;在整个堆肥过程中,堆体P1的水分总损失量（26．5％）大于堆体P2的水分总损失量（20．6％）;堆体P1和P2的有机质降解主要发生在堆肥前期0～21d,分别完成了81．4％和84．5％的有机质降解量;堆体P1和P2的C／N比在堆肥过程中均呈下降趋势,最终C／N比分别为18．3和14．8;种子发芽指数GI_P1〈GI_P2,表明采用堆体P2的堆肥产品的植物毒性较堆体P1更小。各指标实测数据表明,反应器堆肥的堆肥产品的稳定性和腐熟程度较露天堆肥更好。     

Chitosan/glyphosate formulation as a potential,environmental friendly herbicide with prolonged activity

Although there are many reports on the dangers posed by glyphosate, this herbicide is still one of the most popular and widely used total weed killers. Therefore, great effort should be made to minimize exposure to this herbicide and limit its losses into the environment. The aim of this study was to prepare a new formulation consisted of various molecular weight chitosans with glyphosate and their evaluation toward active substance release, phytotoxicity, and preliminary herbicidal efficiency. The phytotoxicity study of the obtained chitosan/glyphosate formulations was determined based on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 208 guideline. Among all tested formulations evaluated for phytotoxicity, that containing the highest molecular weight of chitosan was found to be the least toxic, showing simultaneously the most effective herbicidal activity against selected weeds. The release rate of glyphosate from the obtained formulations was dependent on the molecular weight and viscosity of chitosan.     

Soil pH and Anion Abundance Affects on Copper Adsorption

Abstract

Copper (Cu) input to agricultural soils results from Cu containing pesticides and/or that in soil amendments, such as manure or sewage sludge. Soil and soil solution properties influence the adsorption and desorption of Cu by the soil, which in turn determines its plant availability and/or phytotoxicities. Effects of different anion enrichment in the equilibrium solution on Cu adsorption by different soils (pH range of 6.2–9.9) were investigated in this study over a range of Cu concentrations. With Cu concentrations in the range of 0–100 mg L^?1 in the equilibration solution, 95–99% of applied Cu was adsorbed by all three soils. The adsorption of Cu was similar regardless of using either 0.01 M CaCl₂ or Ca(NO₃)₂ as the equilibration solution. When the Cu concentration in the equilibration solution was further increased in the range of 500–2000 mg L^?1, the adsorption of Cu decreased from 60 to 24% of applied Cu in two soils with pH 6.2–7.9. In a high pH soil (pH = 9.9), the Cu adsorption decreased from 77 to 34%. Addition of incinerated sewage sludge (ISS) to a Palouse silt loam soil (pH = 6.2) increased the Cu adsorption as compared to that by unamended soil. This was, in part, due to an increase in the soil suspension pH with ISS amendment.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Toxicity, uptake and metabolism of 4-n-nonylphenol in root cultures and intact plants under septic and aseptic conditions

4-Nonylphenol, a compound with estrogenic activity, has been shown to occur in sewage sludges and effluents of sludge treatment. This, as well as its use in the formulation of pesticides, may result in the contamination of crop plants and may therefore have an impact on the quality of food or feedstuff. The toxicity, uptake and metabolism of 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) were investigated as¹⁴C-labeled 4-n-NP in root cultures under septical and aseptical conditions and with intact plants grown in containers with soil and aseptically grown in nutrient media. 4-n-NP was toxic to all plant systems tested. The presence of microorganisms and the developmental state of the plant material appeared to have an influence on the EC₅₀ values. 4-n-NP was taken up by the roots and a metabolism to polar compounds was observed in the cases where sufficiently high uptake rates. With intact plants a transport from roots to the shoots was evident. Metabolism in roots changed quantitatively in the presence of microorganisms. The mineralization of 4-n-NP to₁₄CO₂ only occurred with microorganisms.     

镉对不同基因型水稻生长毒害影响的比较研究

利用水培分期添加镉试验，研究了杂交水稻和常规水稻在不同生育时期对环境镉毒害的反应。结果表明，在水稻幼穗分化之前，镉主要降低光合生产力，影响植株生长；幼穗分化至抽穗期，主要抑制生殖器官分化，造成颖花败育；抽穗期之后，镉主要干扰体内营养物质的迁移和再分配。就对产量影响而言，幼穗分化至抽穗期是水稻对镉反应最敏感时期，杂交稻比常规稻对镉污染毒害敏感。     

纳米银的植物毒性研究进展

纳米银因其具备良好的催化、超导性能及杀菌消毒活性,广泛应用于食品加工业及医药等领域,是目前市场上最为常见的金属纳米材料。纳米银的大量生产和应用大大增加了其向环境释放的机会,同时也增加了其对环境及人类健康的潜在风险。植物是生态系统中重要组成部分,纳米银可通过植物积累进入食物链,因此对纳米银的植物毒理学研究尤为重要。纳米银的植物毒性与其被植物体吸收、迁移及转化有关。它可影响植物种子的萌发、苗期的生理生化过程和细胞结构等营养生长,也影响植物的开花、结实等生殖过程,并影响DNA的稳定性。但目前纳米银的毒性是否由银离子引起尚未确定。     

Phytotoxicity of fuel to crop plants: influence of soil properties,fuel type,and plant tolerance

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of fuel-contaminated soils on the germination, survival, and early growth of six crop plants, viz. Brassica oleracea, Trifolium repens, Lactuca sativa, Avena sativa, Pisum sativum, and Zea mays, grown on Cambisol A and B horizons contaminated with gasoline and diesel (0%, 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%, w/w). Fuel toxicity was more evident in the B horizon than in the A horizon, and diesel was more toxic than gasoline, probably due to the higher evaporation rate of the latter. Fuels affected the germination and survival of small-seeded plants to a higher extent, reflecting the importance of the seed coat and nutrient reserves for successful plant development in fuel-contaminated soils. In general, root growth was more strongly affected than shoot growth, and plant biomass was more strongly affected than elongation, leading to a less plant branching in the presence of fuel. The findings of this study can be useful for selecting the least fuel-tolerant species as soil contamination bioindicator and for determining the risks of fuel contamination. Due to the low residence time of gasoline components in soil, this phytotoxicity test resulted in an unsuitable bioassay to assess gasoline toxicity.