农地转入规模扩大有助于农民农业增收吗?——基于中国中部5省农户调查的实证研究

在全国农地流转、规模经营的呼声越来越高的背景下,农地流转政策的推行是否起到应有的效果有待检验和反思。论文基于来自我国中部5省925个转入户的调查数据,从3组模型全面考察了农地转入规模与农户农业收入之间的关系。实证研究表明：1）农地转入规模与农业收入呈正向关系,但农地转入规模的经济收益率仅为2.9%。2）农地转入规模对农业收入的作用在不同区域、流转方式、农户类型之间有明显差异：安徽、湖北和湖南较之河南、江西的规模经济收益率更高,农户自发流转下的规模经济收益率高于集体主导方式,农地转入规模对纯农户农业收入的影响要大于对兼业农户。3）农户平均收入水平随着转入规模增加呈现出先增加后降低的“倒U型”趋势,农地转入规模等级越大,其经济收益率却越低。因此,目前我们亟待解决的是加强农地流转对农户收入影响的系统机制研究,寻找制约流转规模效益的因子,降低农户大规模流转时的风险和损失,而不是盲目扩大流转面积。     

猪粪与秸秆协同发酵产热及溶解性有机质的转化特征

采用量热计法和三维荧光光谱,分别对猪粪发酵产热不同阶段温度、热值以及溶解性有机质(DOM)的转化特征进行了研究. 结果表明:在不同C/N(猪糞与芦苇秸秆物料配比)的4组发酵产热试验中,纯猪粪发酵产热温度高于室温时间达到60d,累积热量损失最多达8.862kJ/g,是增温技术最为理想的配比;随着发酵产热的进行,纯猪粪发酵产热样品中类蛋白化合物荧光比值(P_1,n+P_2,n,0.625~0.546)逐渐减少,类富里酸物质荧光比值(P_3,n,0.140~0.173)与类胡敏酸物质荧光比值(P_5,n,0.051~0.097)逐渐增多,腐殖化程度逐渐加强,但是与其他各组相比其腐殖酸类物质增加最少,腐殖化程度最低;不同C/N物料产热过程中,尽管不同区域的荧光强度与热值的相关性不同,但不同C/N物料释放的热量均来源于微生物对简单有机化合物的分解.      

Tissue distribution of antimony (Sb) in piglets orally given graded levels of Sb (V)

The potential risks from oral intake of soil antimony (Sb) depends mainly on the amount of metal ingested and its bioavailability. Relative bioavailability may be determined by comparing Sb present in soil to a reference compound, taking into account accumulation in different target tissues or excretion. However, due to the lack of scientific knowledge concerning the fate of Sb in the organism, there is a need to study the absorption and distribution of Sb in order to select target tissues for assessment of bioavailability of Sb in soils. Thus, 45 piglets were exposed to a soluble pentavalent antimony salt (KSb(OH)₆), for 15 days at concentrations ranging from 0–1600 µg Sb/kg body weight (BW) per day. Following the exposure period, blood, plasma, liver, spleen, kidneys, hair, bone, bile and urine were obtained to measure Sb concentrations by ICP-MS. Results showed that tissue Sb levels were dose-related. Higher Sb concentrations were found in urine, kidneys, hair, bone and liver. Sb(V) was not detectable in blood and plasma. In the case of highly contaminated soil with soluble forms of Sb in concentrations ranging from 200–1600 µg Sb/kg BW, kidneys, liver and spleen are the most reliable compartments to determine Sb bioavailability from soil. However, for the soils with lower levels of contamination and a low Sb bioaccessibility, urine may serve as a relevant compartment.     

九龙江流域规模化养猪场砷污染状况调查

对九龙江流域规模化养猪场猪饲料、沼气出液和猪粪中砷的含量进行了测定。猪饲料中砷的含量范围为0.50～7.72mg·kg-1,平均值为3.49mg·kg-1;沼气出液中砷的含量范围为0.47～56.13μg·L-1,平均值为13.45μg·L-1;猪粪中砷的含量范围为0.32～114.46mg·kg-1,平均值为13.45mg·kg-1。同一养猪场,小猪猪粪中的砷含量一般高于大猪和母猪猪粪;沼气出液和猪粪中的砷含量具有一定的相关性。由估算知,养猪场向九龙江流域年排放的砷总量约为821kg。9家养猪场中有2家猪粪和1家沼气出液中砷的含量相对较高,生态风险等级较高,已超过国家相应标准。总之,应该加强养猪业的管理,以防止养猪场对九龙江流域造成砷污染。     

油库、加油站场所的雷电及静电安全防护

分析当前销售企业油库、加油站防雷防静电方面存在的常见问题,探讨解决这些问题的措施和办法,保证油库、加油站的安全.     

中国农地经营规模对农业劳动生产率的影响及其区域差异

农业劳动生产率偏低依旧是中国农业发展的瓶颈,它关系着农民增收和农业发展,提高劳动生产率迫在眉睫。在土地规模不断集中已成为顶层设计基本共识的前提下,理清农地经营规模与劳动生产率之间的关系尤为重要。基于此,论文利用2000-2013年中国大陆31个省份的面板数据,通过理论推断与实证检验,对劳动生产率与农地经营规模的关系进行了定量分析。结果表明：从全国、不同地貌及三大经济带来看,劳动生产率与农地经营规模之间均存在鲜明的“倒L型”关系,即初始阶段,扩大农地经营规模能显著提高劳动生产率,但区域间差异明显,后期劳动生产率会稳定在某一状态。当前,农地规模远小于人均农地的最优经营规模,农地规模的集中是提高劳动生产率的重要举措,推进发展适度规模经营的政策仍有较大的操作空间。政府需要做的是,降低土地流转的交易成本,推动实现多种形式的农地适度规模经营,并兼顾不同区域的差异。     

Opportunities and challenges for Common Agricultural Policy reform to support the European Green Deal

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is the European Union's main instrument for agricultural planning, with a new reform approved for 2023–2027. The CAP intends to align with the European Green Deal (EGD), a set of policy initiatives underpinning sustainable development and climate neutrality in the European Union (EU), but several flaws cast doubts about the compatibility of the objectives of these 2 policies. We reviewed recent literature on the potential of CAP environmental objectives for integration with the EGD: protection of biodiversity, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and sustainable management of natural resources. The CAP lacks appropriate planning measures, furthering instead risks to biodiversity and ecosystem services driven by landscape and biotic homogenization. Funding allocation mechanisms are not tailored to mitigate agricultural emissions, decreasing the efficiency of climate mitigation actions. The legislation subsidies farmers making extensive use of synthetic inputs without adequately supporting organic production, hindering the transition toward sustainable practices. We recommend proper control mechanisms be introduced in CAP Strategic Plans from each member state to ensure the EU is set on a sustainable production and consumption path. These include proportional assignment of funds to each CAP objective, quantitative targets to set goals and evidence-based interventions, and relevant indicators to facilitate effective monitoring of environmental performance. Both the CAP and the EGD should maintain ambitious environmental commitments in the face of crisis to avoid further degradation of the natural resources on which production systems stand.     

混合堆肥过程中自由空域(FAS)的层次效应及动态变化

城市污泥、猪粪混合堆肥试验表明:升温期和高温期FAS分别为42.3%、26.2%,在这2个堆肥期内堆体上部的FAS明显高于下部,堆体内的空气能满足微生物的需求;降温期FAS为52.4%,堆体上部的FAS高于中部,中部高于下部,FAS呈明显的层次效应;腐熟期FAS为54.7%,FAS的层次效应减弱,堆体上部和中部的通气性明显好于下部.不同堆肥期剖面上下部FAS的差异由大到小分别为:降温期>高温期>后熟期>升温期;堆体内FAS由高到低为:上部>中部>下部.FAS随时间的变化满足二级反应动力学方程.     

竹醋酸在堆肥中的应用

以秸杆、锯末和猪粪为原料,以竹醋酸为添加剂进行静态好氧堆肥试验,分析堆肥过程中温度、pH、有机质、TN等的变化情况,比较不同竹醋酸浓度对堆肥的促进作用。在对腐熟后堆肥的分析表明,适宜的竹醋酸浓度可以促进微生物的活性,缩短达到高温所需的时间;跟空白堆体相比,添加竹醋酸的堆体氮损失率降低10%。     

江苏辐射沙洲潮间带风电场对海洋水动力场的影响分析

为了分析潮间带风电场对海洋水动力条件的影响,建立和验证了江苏辐射沙洲潮间带风电场工程二维潮流数学模型,根据风电场区的地形条件对模型范围及网格划分进行了探讨,分析风电场实施前后水动力条件的变化.结果表明:模型计算值与实测值拟合较好·建立的二维潮流数学模型计算结果合理、可信,可用来预测风电场建设对附近海域水动力条件的影响;...