兽用抗生素磺胺二甲嘧啶对稻田N2O排放的影响及其微生物机制

为研究磺胺类兽用抗生素对稻田N_2O排放的影响及其微生物机制,采用田间原位观测试验,对比分析不同浓度磺胺二甲嘧啶(sulfamethazine,SMZ)对稻田N_2O排放及硝化反硝化过程底物和相关功能基因丰度的影响.本试验共设5个处理,分别为:无肥料无抗生素(CK);猪粪为基肥,尿素为追肥,分别添加0、5、15和30 mg·kg~(-1)的SMZ处理(SMZ0、SMZ5、SMZ15和SMZ30),在整个水稻生长季定期采集和分析土壤和气体样品.结果表明,不同浓度SMZ均未改变稻田N_2O排放的季节性规律,整个观测期N_2O排放通量,与SMZ0处理相比,SMZ15有显著差异(P 0. 05),SMZ30和SMZ5无显著差异(P 0. 05).中、高浓度处理SMZ15和SMZ30在均值水平上增加了N_2O累积排放量,分别是SMZ0处理的3. 47和4. 67倍,且增加了土壤NO_3~--N含量.与SMZ0处理相比,中、高浓度处理对土壤总细菌16S rRNA基因丰度、硝化过程中氨氧化古菌AOA amoA和氨氧化细菌AOB amoA基因丰度以及反硝化过程中的nirK、nirS和nosZ基因丰度均有明显的激活作用(P 0. 05),低浓度处理SMZ5对各基因丰度则有轻微抑制作用.具体表现为SMZ30、SMZ15与SMZ0处理的16S rRNA、AOA amoA、AOB amoA以及nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度比值的平均值分别为:1. 58、1. 77、2. 15、1. 38、1. 33、1. 42和1. 24、1. 37、1. 08、1. 65、1. 11、1. 64,而SMZ5与SMZ0处理的6个上述基因丰度比值均小于1,仅分别为0. 80、0. 99、0. 92、0. 76、0. 76和0. 77. N_2O排放通量与nir K基因丰度呈极显著正相关(P 0. 01),表明SMZ通过影响反硝化菌活性进而对N_2O排放产生作用.因此,兽用抗生素对农田的污染不可忽视,应从源头上合理控制使用,以减少其环境生态风险.     

长期施磷的产量效应及其环境风险评价

基于太湖地区8 a的长期试验,应用常规化学分析法和数学统计方法,研究了不同施肥方式即单施化肥(NPK)、化肥配施稻麦全量秸秆还田(NPK+S)、无机肥配施鲜猪粪7.5 t.(hm2.a)-1(NPK+M7.5)及无机肥配施鲜猪粪15.0 t.(hm2.a)-1(NPK+M15)对稻麦轮作农田的作物产量、土壤各形态磷的累积及其潜在环境效应的影响.结果表明,在单施无机磷肥基础上,无论是秸秆全量还田还是配施不同量的猪粪,稻麦均没有显著增产;长期以常规无机磷肥用量配施猪粪,其土壤Olsen-P、Mehlich3-P、草酸盐磷(Pox)、CaCl2-P、水浸提磷(WEP)、总磷(TP)及土壤磷饱和度(degree of P saturation,DPS)等均显著增加,且配施猪粪量越大,各形态磷的累积量越大,土壤积累磷的环境风险越高;长期在常规无机磷肥用量基础上进行全量秸秆还田,与秸秆不还田处理相比,土壤各形态磷并无显著累积.综合考虑稻麦的产量效应、土壤磷库表观收支平衡、磷素长期累积的环境风险及经济效益等,在本研究区域目前的土壤环境条件下,常规磷肥施用量(45 kg·hm-2)基础上进行全量秸秆还田这一施肥方式是值得推荐的.     

南方农村集约化养猪场污染及其防治

应用生态农业原理，分析了集约化养猪场的主要环境污染问题，并厚得种养有限公司大型养猪场所采用的“三段利用两步净化”方法工艺流程及其环境经济效益进行了剖析。     

New Zealand Farmer Narratives of the Benefits of Reduced Human Intervention During Lambing in Extensive Farming Systems

Easy-care or natural lambing pertainsto those sheep able to successfully lamb andrear at least one lamb without human assistancein a difficult environment. Such sheep may havea higher survival rate, lower lamb mortality,and require less shepherding at lambing thanother sheep breeds or strains. The farmer orshepherd account of easy-care lambing revealsseveral themes. Firstly, stock were bred tosurvive or suit local environments orconditions, particularly steep hill country inNew Zealand. This involved extensive culling ofundesirable dams, regardless of how well theymight perform in traits other than the abilityto survive and to produce live lambs atweaning. Sheep that did have problems wereoften assisted, recorded or marked and thenculled at an appropriate time; thus bothartificial (culling) and natural selection wereused. Secondly, natural selection enabled theimportant traits to be identified and they weresubsequently incorporated into artificialselection programs. Thirdly, the practice wasnecessitated by the impracticality ofsupervising lambing in difficult terrain andthe cost of skilled farm labor. Finally, it wasacknowledged that disturbance at lambingcreated problems and most importantly, theeasy-care approach reduced some of the problemstraditionally associated with lambing.Easy-care lambing systems thus aim to minimizesome of the detrimental effects associated withcarefully supervised lambing in someenvironments, by selecting sheep to suit boththat environment and modern farm management.They overcame pervasive influences our culturallegacy was exerting on the way we interact withanimals, and may have produced a system more inkeeping with the biology of the animal in anextensive environment.     

生猪规模养殖粪污治理行为影响因素分析——基于意愿转化行为视角

为促进养殖户积极参与粪污治理,基于意愿转化行为视角,利用吉林、辽宁2省25县的生猪规模养殖户调研数据,通过对样本数据进行分组（无意愿无行为、有意愿无行为、有意愿有行为）,运用无序多分类Logistic回归模型从“有无意愿”“有无行为”“意愿转化行为”三个维度综合分析生猪规模养殖粪污治理行为的影响因素。结果显示：养殖户的粪污治理意愿与治理行为之间存在较大差异,意愿与行为的不一致比率达26.8%。影响养殖户粪污治理意愿转化行为的因素主要与养殖规模、粪污消纳地面积、养殖净收益、周边群众舆论、粪污处理技术、粪污处理经济条件、粪污处理相关培训、政府补贴和政府监管等相关性较大,并且对意愿向行为转化具有显著的促进作用,而养殖年限成为养殖户粪污治理意愿转化行为的阻碍因素。     

上海市典型畜禽养殖场雨水径流中PPCPs的输移特性

以上海市某大型畜禽养殖场为研究区域,揭示了该养殖场雨水径流中19种药物和个人护理品（PPCPs）的存在水平和时间变化规律,阐明了雨水径流的初期冲刷效应.结果表明,不同采样时间点雨水径流样品中目标PPCPs浓度范围为0.62~166ng/L,15种PPCPs检出率可达100%;目标PPCPs在降雨前期（径流产生的15~30min）出现浓度峰值,随后浓度降低并趋于稳定;通过描述径流污染输出负荷同径流量关系的L_P-F曲线和前30%径流流量排放的污染物负荷比指标（FF30）进一步证明该养殖场雨水径流中PPCPs具有显著的初期冲刷效应;研究结果为有效控制畜禽养殖场雨水径流中PPCPs污染提供了重要参考.     

Assessing livelihood for improvement: Samanalawewa reservoir environs,Sri Lanka

This paper explores household (HH)-level livelihood dynamics and determinants since construction of the Samanalawewa Hydroelectricity Reservoir (SHER) in the Samanalawewa watershed, Sri Lanka. The research is based on data from a structured questionnaire survey of 201 randomly selected households (HHs) in upstream and downstream areas. Livelihood dynamics at two separate points in time (1988 and 2008) were assessed based on a sustainable livelihood framework (SLF). Impact of livelihood determinants on livelihood was analysed using factor and regression analysis techniques, followed by an optimisation procedure to suggest requirements in selected significant determinants to improve the livelihood of various categories of farm HH. In both upstream and downstream areas, livelihood assets, viz. physical, social and human capital, increased significantly, while access to natural and financial capital decreased significantly and slightly, respectively, during last two decades. The factor analysis extracted six factors in the upstream area and seven in the downstream area. The derived regression models show that nine variables in the upstream area and ten in the downstream area are major determinants of HH livelihood. Based on optimisation results, policy implications are discussed in relation to needed improvements in livelihood determinants to improve overall livelihood of HHs.     

美国粮仓农工的安全风险识别与防护

本文通过谷物装卸设备存在危险的实例,强调了储粮仓内农工存在淹埋及窒息风险,重点介绍了美国职业安全和健康署（OSHA）提出的标准和相关法规,以及粮仓农工的安全风险识别与防护经验,以对我国粮仓农工的安全与防护提供帮助。     

大型油气(危化品)储罐区安全监控预警系统设计

大型石油、天然气、成品油,易燃易爆,储罐群区危险物质存量大,极易引起灾难性的事故发生。如何在经济高速发展过程中保证安全,是安全生产急需解决的技术难题。本文系统设计面向大型油气(危化品)储罐区安全管理工作的实际需要,兼顾罐区安全管理、实时监控预警及应急救援等多方面的工作,设计一套技术先进、运行成熟、操作简单、扩展性好、容易维护和使用方便的油品储罐区安全监控预警系统,实现大型油气储罐区安全管控一体化,确保大型油气储罐的生产安全和社会安全发展。     

国有林场森林防火工作实践与思考

从国有林场森林防火工作现状出发,分析了国有林场当前森林防火存在的困难和问题,提出今后森林防火工作对策与措施。