黄淮海平原农区不同类型农户的土地利用方式选择及其环境影响——以河北省曲周县为例

以农户调查为基础,采用农户分类和方差分析等方法,对农户土地利用方式选择行为及其环境影响进行对比分析。受其兼业性、收入水平、文化素质和生产规模影响,不同类型的农户在地块尺度的土地利用方式选择存在差异:纯农业户、低收入农户的土地利用方式选择具有多元化的特征,兼业户、高收入农户、文化水平高的农户往往选择经济效益高、耗时少的土地利用方式。不同类型农户由于其土地利用方式及其肥料投入、水资源利用和秸秆处理等的不同,对土地质量和环境变化产生不同的影响。     

生物沥浸法去除不同初始pH值猪粪中的重金属

试验研究了不同初始pH值下猪粪中Cu、Zn和Cd的生物沥浸效果,结果表明猪粪生物沥浸对初始pH值的要求并不严格,具有较广的适用范围。猪粪粪液即使在初始pH值为8的弱碱性条件下,其pH值也可随沥浸时间快速降低,生物沥浸12天降到1.37,Cu、Zn和Cd沥出率可达到90.76%、97.97%和80.45%。初始pH值对重金属的沥浸速率有一定影响,降低初始pH值可以缩短生物沥浸周期,重金属的沥浸周期受不同初始pH值的影响程度从大到小依次为:CuZnCd。初始pH值为5的猪粪粪液可以在9天内完成生物沥浸,Cu、Zn和Cd沥出率可达到93.83%、99.24%和70.98%     

Microbial population dynamics and changes in main nutrients during the acidification process of pig manures

This study evaluated the impact of pig manure acidification on anaerobic treatment and composition of the fecal microbial community.According to the different chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the anaerobic treatment processes,pig manure was diluted 4 times (×4),16 times (×16),or 64 times (×64) and subjected to acidification.During the acidification process,pH,soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD),volatile fatty acids (VFAs),nitrogen (N),phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were determined along with microbial po...     

Effect of phosphogypsum and dicyandiamide as additives on NH3, N2O and CH4 emissions during composting

A laboratory scale experiment of composting in a forced aeration system using pig manure with cornstalks was carried out to investigate the effects of both phosphogypsum and dicyandiamide (DCD, C2H4N4) as additives on gaseous emissions and compost quality. Besides a control, there were three amended treatments with different amounts of additives. The results indicated that the phosphogypsum addition at the rate of 10% of mixture dry weight decreased NH₃ and CH₄ emissions significantly during composting. The addition of DCD at the rate of 0.2% of mixture dry weight together with 10% of phosphogypsum further reduced the N₂O emission by affecting the nitrification process. Reducing the phosphogypsum addition to 5% in the presence of 0.2% DCD moderately increased the NH₃ emissions but not N₂O emission. The additives increased the ammonium content and electrical conductivity significantly in the final compost. No adverse effect on organic matter degradation or the germination index of the compost was found in the amended treatments. It was recommended that phosphogypsum and DCD could be used in composting for the purpose of reducing NH₃, CH₄ and N₂O emissions. Optimal conditions and dose of DCD additive during composting should be determined with different materials and composting systems in further study.     

钢丝绳产业区重金属对土壤－农产品的复合污染及生态风险评价?

选取钢丝绳行业比较发达的某乡镇为研究区域,对其地区周边土壤及农产品的污染状况进行了野外调查和实验分析研究。结果表明：（1）土壤中铅、锌的含量均有不同程度的污染。（2）土壤中重金属含量与废水灌溉方式有关。（3）废水灌溉的农产品均有不同程度的污染。（4）重金属主要富集在农产品的根部,果实中富集的量很少。     

Recombinant human AhR-mediated GUS reporter gene assays for PCB congeners in transgenic tobacco plants in comparison with recombinant mouse and guinea pig AhRs

Four expression plasmids for recombinant human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (hAhR) consisting of a ligand binding domain of hAhR, a DNA-binding domain of LexA and a transactivation domain of VP16 as well as β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter genes were constructed. All the expression plasmids were transformed into tobacco plants. The selected transgenic tobacco plants were used to assay. PCB congeners showed GUS activity in a TEF-dependent manner. The selected transgenic tobacco plant XhD4V17 was compared with the transgenic tobacco plants XmD4V26 and XgD2V23 containing recombinant mouse (m) AhR-mediated GUS reporter gene expression cassette and recombinant guinea pig (g) AhR-mediated GUS reporter gene expression cassette for PCB congener-inducible GUS activity. The data revealed that the tobacco plant XgD2V23 was the most active in PCB congener-inducible GUS activity. In a 1:1 mixture of PCB126 and PCB80 a reduced PCB126-induced GUS activity was observed in plant XgD2V23, which could possibly be due to interaction between PCB126 and PCB80.     

藏猪扰动作用下的高寒草甸土壤退化特征及微生物群落结构变化

微生物作为土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,对环境干扰异常敏感,可以反映土壤的健康状况.人类活动导致高寒泥炭土壤面临退化风险,生产力下降、碳汇功能丧失,进而影响土壤微生物的群落结构及多样性.藏猪放牧是我国高海拔藏区一种特有的放牧方式,是导致高寒草甸土壤退化的重要干扰因素之一.应用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对比分析了藏猪放牧干扰和对照（无藏猪放牧）条件下的滇西北高寒草甸泥炭土壤微生物群落结构变化及其对干扰的响应特征.结果表明,藏猪放牧导致土壤微生物α多样性显著降低,且群落结构发生明显变化.高寒草甸泥炭土壤的主要优势菌为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）.与门水平相比,干扰前后土壤微生物在属水平上的差异更明显,其中鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）和薄层菌属（Hymenobacter）的相对丰度在干扰后的土壤中显著增加,而硝化螺菌属（Nitrospira）和红游动菌属（Rhodoplanes）则显著降低.Venn图分析进一步发现,干扰与对照土壤样品中分别有71和136个核心OTU.干扰条件下的土壤特有微生物主要包括伯克霍德氏菌（Burkholderiales）、假单胞菌（Pseudomonadales）、鞘脂单胞菌（Sphingomonadales）等,这些微生物主要聚集在目水平,可以作为干扰条件下的指示微生物.CCA排序表明,硝化螺菌属和红游动菌属的微生物对含水率、速效磷、有机质等土壤环境变量的响应较为敏感.该研究结果为揭示高寒草甸泥炭土壤退化与微生物群落结构及多样性之间的关系提供了理论借鉴.     

堆肥处理过程中猪粪有机物的动态变化特征

为了解猪粪堆肥过程中各种有机物的变化特征,并为判断猪粪堆肥腐熟度提供参考指标,进行42d的高温好氧堆肥.结果表明,堆体中的有机质含量呈下降趋势;水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量在第10d达到最大值,之后呈下降趋势;易分解有机质含量呈下降趋势,但在高温开始阶段呈上升趋势;腐殖质含量呈上升趋势.说明堆肥过程中有机物不断向腐殖化方向转化.在研究H/F变化时发现,它与判断堆肥腐熟度常用的化学指标(有机质、DOC)呈一定的相关性,而且与易分解有机质和腐殖质也有较好的相关性.     

污泥与猪粪作为培养基微生物去除垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属

以污泥或猪粪代替常规的无机盐(SM)作为A.ferrooxidans和A.thiooxidans复合菌株的培养基,利用微生物淋滤法去除垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属.结果表明,重金属去除率大小顺序为:污泥+菌液>SM+菌液>猪粪+菌液.污泥+菌液的处理中,经过15d的微生物淋滤,Cd、Zn、Cu去除率最高分别达到88.1%、78.7%、69.6%,而猪粪+菌液的处理,3种金属的去除率分别为82.4%、73.5%、60.0%.试验也表明,相同浓度的猪粪DOM对硫杆菌复合菌株的抑制作用远大于污泥DOM.当污泥DOM和猪粪DOM中水溶性有机碳浓度分别高于400mg/L和150mg/L时,就表现出对硫杆菌的不可修复的抑制作用.猪粪DOM中小分子量组分较多是造成这一现象的主要原因.     

生物沥浸法去除畜禽粪便中重金属的影响因素研究

研究了粪液固体浓度和硫细菌混合菌液接种量对猪粪中重金属生物沥浸的影响。结果表明,猪粪固体浓度越低,重金属沥浸周期越短,沥浸效果越好。从沥浸效果和经济效益2方面综合考虑,固体质量浓度采用70~100 g.L-1较为合适。接种量也是影响生物沥浸的重要因素,试验结果表明,接种量越大,生物沥浸速度越快,但接种量小的粪样只需适当延长沥浸时间即可达到较高的重金属去除效果,2%接种量的猪粪沥浸14 d时,Cu、Zn和Cd沥出率可分别达到76.9%、75.2%和47.8%。从经济角度考虑,接种量采用2%即可满足生物沥浸的需要。