我国畜禽污染现状与治理政策的有效性分析

针对我国农村畜禽养殖散户和专业户的畜禽粪便处理方式进行实地调查,分析了我国畜禽粪便污染现状及变化趋势,并运用计量经济模型估计了不同治理政策对减少畜禽粪便废弃的有效性.结果表明:随着我国畜禽养殖模式的转变和劳动力成本的提高,畜禽粪便污染呈现明显增长趋势,污染治理的压力进一步增加;散户和专业户的畜禽粪便处理方式存在较大差异.模型估计结果表明:制定垃圾管理规章制度、专人监管垃圾投放、建立沼气池等措施能有效减少散户的畜禽粪便污染,但对于专业户只有专人监督垃圾投放才能发挥作用.随着我国农村畜禽养殖从散养向专业户养殖方式转变,建议政府部门重点加强对养殖专业户畜禽粪便污染的管理,通过出台更严格的环境监管措施和补贴等激励机制减少其畜禽粪便环境污染.     

雄烯二酮在我国典型土壤中的吸附特性

采用批吸附室内模拟实验研究了雄烯二酮在我国红壤、潮土、黑土3种典型土壤中的吸附特征,以及牛粪溶解态有机质(DOM)对土壤吸附雄烯二酮的影响。结果表明,雄烯二酮在土壤中吸附动力学符合Elovch方程(R20.89),热力学特征可通过Freundlich等温吸附方程(R20.83)描述,土壤对雄烯二酮的吸附呈非线性吸附特征,其中潮土吸附等温线的非线性最强(n=0.37);吸附系数K f介于6.0~20.2,并与有机质含量呈显著正相关(p0.05)。雄烯二酮浓度较低时,共存牛粪DOM抑制其在土壤表面的吸附作用。研究认为,有机质是土壤吸附雄烯二酮的主要组分,共存牛粪DOM可促进雄烯二酮向地表水和地下水的迁移。     

鸡粪堆肥水溶性有机物转化特性研究

采用离子色谱和三维荧光光谱,分别对鸡粪堆肥不同阶段水溶性有机物(DOM)中典型小分子有机酸、磷酸和荧光有机物进行了研究。分析显示,所研究的7种酸(乙酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸、草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸及磷酸)中,苹果酸的含量最高(1 000 mg/L),草酸的浓度最低(3 mg/L),琥珀酸和柠檬酸未检测到。随着堆肥的进行,各种酸的含量先上升而后下降,堆肥结束降至最低;堆肥过程样品所有荧光峰强度之和与COD达到显著相关(R=0.917,P0.05),类蛋白荧光峰强度与总荧光峰强度的比值不断降低,而类富里酸荧光峰强度与总荧光峰强度的比值不断上升。结果表明,堆肥过程小分子有机酸主要出现在堆肥中期;类蛋白荧光强度或类富里酸荧光强度与总荧光强度之比可以有效表征堆肥腐熟过程。     

Residues of pharmaceutical products in recycled organic manure produced from sewage sludge and solid waste from livestock and relationship to their fermentation level

In recent years, sludge generated in sewage treatment plants (STPs) and solid waste from livestock being utilized is useful for circulation of nourishment in farmlands as recycled organic manure (ROM). In this study, we determined the residue levels and patterns of 12 pharmaceutical products generated by human activity in the ROMs produced from human waste sludge (HWS), sewage sludge (SS), cattle manure (CM), poultry manure (PM), swine manure (SM) and horse manure (HM).The kind and number of pharmaceutical products detected in ROMs were different. Fluoroquinolones (FQs) were detected at high levels in HWS and SS samples. In addition, the detection frequency and concentration levels of sulfonamides (SAs) in PM and SM were high. Moreover, high concentrations of chlortetracycline (CTC) were found in only SM. These differences reflect specific adherence adsorption of the pharmaceutical products to different livestock and humans. Moreover, it was found that the concentrations of pharmaceutical products and fermentation levels of ROMs had significant positive correlation (r = 0.41, p = 0.024).When the fermentation test of ROM was conducted in a rotary fermentor in a lab scale test, the residue levels of pharmaceutical products decreased effectively except carbamazepine (CBZ). The rates of decrease were in the case of tetracyclines (TCs): 85-92%, FQs: 81-100%, erythromycine: 67%, SAs: 79-95%, trimethoprim: 86% and CBZ: 37% by 30 d. Pharmaceutical products that can be decomposed by fermentation process at the lowest impact of residual antibiotic activities may therefore be considered as environmentally friendly medicines.     

硫磺和硫酸亚铁对鸡粪好氧堆肥的保氮效果

利用堆肥反应器控制堆肥条件,研究外源添加剂硫磺和硫酸亚铁在鸡粪好氧堆肥中的保氮效果。结果表明：与无添加剂的对照（CK）比较,堆肥中添加硫磺（T1）对堆肥升温和高温期的维持有一定影响,添加硫酸亚铁（T2）对堆肥升温和高温期的维持均无显著影响,而同时添加硫磺和硫酸亚铁（T3）更有利于高温期的持续,加速有机物的降解。添加硫磺...     

湖北省畜禽养殖污染现状及总量控制

通过畜禽产排污系数以及2011年湖北省的统计数据,估算出湖北省2011年畜禽养殖业畜禽粪便总量及COD、氮、磷的产生量,分析了污染物对环境污染的情况,并对湖北省畜禽养殖的环境容量和污染风险进行了初步评估。结果表明,2011年湖北省畜禽的粪便总量为8 479.8万t,主要分布在襄阳市、黄冈市、孝感市。全省粪便耕地负荷为16.2 t/hm~2/a,警报值为0.54,分级级数为II,对环境构成污染的威胁为"稍有"。全省氮、磷的耕地负荷分别为157.9 kg/hm~2/a、24.5 kg/hm~2/a,其中,鄂州市、黄冈市均超过欧盟限量标准(氮170 kg/hm~2/a、磷35 kg/hm~2/a)。2011年湖北省的实际养殖总量分别为7 868.5万头猪当量(N)、9 725.3万头猪当量(P),都超过畜禽50%环境容量(为4 599.4万头猪当量(N),7 161.1万头猪当量(P)。除了荆州市外,其他大部分地区的实际养殖数量都超过50%环境容量,这些地区应该严格控制畜禽的养殖数量并同时做好污染物消减措施。     

Thermochemical characteristics of dairy manure and its derived biochars from a fixed-bed pyrolysis

Based on the data on the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), oven-dried dairy manure was performed at moderate temperatures (673–1,073 K) with proper residence time of 60 min by a vertical fixed-bed pyrolyzer. The thermochemical properties of the dairy manure and its biochar products, such as elemental analysis and calorific value (higher heating value), were investigated to evaluate their potential use as biomass fuel. Furthermore, the true densities of the manure-derived biochars were also obtained to relate the property with their thermochemical properties. It showed that the calorific value of the dairy manure-derived biochar (denoted as DMBC) was on increasing trend with temperature, while its maximal increase occurred at around 873 K. This result was in high agreement with the data on the yields and carbon contents of DMBC products. By contrast, their contents of H, N, and O decreased slightly due to the devolatilization because of thermal decomposition reactions like depolymerization and carbonization. The optimal manure-derived biochar revealed an excellent characterization with high content of carbon (60 wt%) and calorific value (22.3 MJ/kg), low contents of nitrogen (0.5 wt%), and no traces of sulfur and heavy metals, suggesting that DMBC can be used as a solid fuel for energy use.     

厌氧氨氧化工艺处理猪场废水沼液的试验研究

本文以实际猪场沼气废水为研究对象,以ASBR为反应器,接种厌氧消化污泥培养厌氧氨氧化细菌,厌氧氨氧化阶段成功启动后,研究了厌氧氨氧化脱氮最佳运行工艺。试验研究表明,厌氧氨氧化反应适宜的温度在35（±1）℃之间,适宜的pH在7．5—8．0之间,HRT选用24h。当达到最佳运行参数时,NH4＋-N的去除率达到87．6％,NO2- -N的去除率达到99．96％。     

Global estimates of soil carbon sequestration via livestock waste: a STELLA simulation

It has become increasingly well documented that human activities are enhancing the greenhouse effect and altering the global climate. Identifying strategies to mitigate atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions on the national level are therefore critical. Fossil fuel combustion is primarily responsible for the perturbation of the global carbon cycle, although the influence of humans extends far beyond the combustion of fossil fuels. Changes in land use arising from human activities contribute substantially to atmospheric carbon dioxide; however, land use changes can act as a carbon dioxide sink as well. A soil carbon model was built using STELLA to explore how soil organic carbon sequestration (SOC) varies over a range of values for key parameters and to estimate the amount of global soil carbon sequestration from livestock waste. To obtain soil carbon sequestration estimates, model simulations occurred for 11 different livestock types and with data for eight regions around the world. The model predicted that between 1980 and 1995, United States soils were responsible for the sequestration of 444–602 Tg C from livestock waste. Model simulations further predicted that during the same period, global soil carbon sequestration from livestock waste was 2,810–4,218 Tg C. Our estimates for global SOC sequestration are modest in proportion to other terrestrial carbon sinks (i.e. forest regrowth); however, livestock waste does represent a potential for long-term soil carbon gain. SOC generated from livestock waste is another example of how human activities and land use changes are altering soil processes around the world. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

生物沥浸法去除猪粪中重金属的研究

探讨以猪粪为培养介质,驯化和加富培养获得硫细菌混合菌液,并研究其对猪粪中重金属的生物沥浸效果。结果表明：猪粪可以在18 d内完成驯化,经3轮富集培养的猪粪粪液可作为硫细菌接种菌液。采用此菌液对猪粪粪液接种并投加硫粉,经过9 d的生物沥浸,Cu、Zn和Cd的沥出率分别达到93.0%、90.1%和67.8%。