亚热带丘陵区集约化养猪场氨气近源沉降的土壤和植物氮素响应

选取中国亚热带丘陵区一集约化育肥猪场为研究对象,采用环形扩散管大气采样系统(DELTA),开展为期1 a养殖场500 m近源区大气氨浓度监测,采用双向交换模型,估算氨沉降量。采集养猪场近源区土壤、植株样品,探究大型集约化养殖场近源区土壤、植物氮素对氨沉降梯度的响应特征。结果表明：养猪场近源区土壤无机氮含量为2.3—32.4 mg·kg^-1(以铵态氮为主),随氨沉降量增加而增加。草本(白茅)盖度随氨沉降量增加而增加,500 m范围内增幅平均可达45.7%;灌木(黄荆)盖度随氨沉降量增加而减小,降幅平均为27.5%。植株叶片氮含量与氨沉降间关系不明显,灌木、苔藓叶片δ¹⁵N值为-13‰—-2‰,且随氨沉降增加而减小。δ¹⁵N可用于识别植物叶片氮素来源,与植株叶片总氮含量相比,植株叶片δ¹⁵N对氨沉降具有更好的生物指示作用。     

Dynamics of Organic Carbon and Microbial Biomass in Alluvial Soil With Tillage and Amendments in Rice-wheat Systems

Rice-wheat cropping systems of the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) occupying 12 million ha of productive land are important for the food security of South Asia. There are, however, concerns that yield and factor productivity trends in these systems are declining/stagnating in recent years. Decrease in soil organic carbon is often suggested as a reason for such trends. A field experiment was conducted to study the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) dynamics in the rice-wheat systems. Use of organic amendments and puddling of soil before rice transplanting increased SOC and MBC contents. Microbial biomass carbon showed a seasonal pattern. It was low initially, reached its peak during the flowering stages in both rice and wheat and declined thereafter. Microbial biomass carbon was linearly related to SOC in both rice and wheat indicating that SOC could be used as a proxy for MBC.     

Effect of the Carbohydrate Composition of feed Concentratates on Methane Emission from dairy Cows and Their Slurry

Dietary carbohydrate effects on methane emission from cows and their slurry were measured on an individual animal basis. Twelve dairy cows were fed three of six diets each (n = 6 per diet) of a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 1:1 (dry matter basis), and designed to cover the cows’ requirements. The forages consisted of maize and grass silage, and hay. Variations were exclusively accomplished in the concentrates which were either rich in lignified or non-lignified fiber, pectin, fructan, sugar or starch. To measure methane emission, cows were placed into open-circuit respiration chambers and slurry was stored for 14 weeks in 60-L barrels with slurry being intermittently connected to this system. The enteric and slurry organic matter digestibility and degradation was highest when offering Jerusalem artichoke tubers rich in fructan, while acid-detergent fiber digestibility and degradation were highest in cows and slurries with the soybean hulls diet rich in non-lignified fiber. Multiple regression analysis, based on nutrients either offered or digested, suggested that, when carbohydrate variation is done in concentrate, sugar enhances enteric methanogenesis. The methane emission from the slurry accounted for 16.0 to 21.9% of total system methane emission. Despite a high individual variation, the methane emission from the slurry showed a trend toward lower values, when the dietwas characterized by lignified fiber, a diet where enteric methane release also had been lowest. The study disproved the assumption that a lower enteric methanogenesis, associated with a higher excretion of fiber, will inevitably lead to compensatory increases in methane emission during slurry storage.     

厨余垃圾-蔬菜废物协同生产液肥项目技术经济分析

厨余垃圾-蔬菜废物协同生产液肥项目,需要建立科学、高效的运行管理机制和投入产出机制,以提高其经济效益。系统研究银川市某液肥项目的设备投资和运行费用等情况,目前该项目处理规模约为10.6 t/d,运行负荷率为35.3%,导致处理成本高达337.9元/t。因此,提高运行负荷率,是降低处理成本的关键。     

Size distributions of manure particles released under simulated rainfall

Manure and animal waste deposited on cropland and grazing lands serve as a source of microorganisms, some of which may be pathogenic. These microorganisms are released along with particles of dissolved manure during rainfall events. Relatively little if anything is known about the amounts and sizes of manure particles released during rainfall, that subsequently may serve as carriers, abode, and nutritional source for microorganisms. The objective of this work was to obtain and present the first experimental data on sizes of bovine manure particles released to runoff during simulated rainfall and leached through soil during subsequent infiltration. Experiments were conducted using 200 cm long boxes containing turfgrass soil sod; the boxes were designed so that rates of manure dissolution and subsequent infiltration and runoff could be monitored independently. Dairy manure was applied on the upper portion of boxes. Simulated rainfall (ca. 32.4 mm h(-1)) was applied for 90 min on boxes with stands of either live or dead grass. Electrical conductivity, turbidity, and particle size distributions obtained from laser diffractometry were determined in manure runoff and soil leachate samples. Turbidity of leachates and manure runoff samples decreased exponentially. Turbidity of manure runoff samples was on average 20% less than turbidity of soil leachate samples. Turbidity of leachate samples from boxes with dead grass was on average 30% less than from boxes with live grass. Particle size distributions in manure runoff and leachate suspensions remained remarkably stable after 15 min of runoff initiation, although the turbidity continued to decrease. Particles had the median diameter of 3.8 microm, and 90% of particles were between 0.6 and 17.8 microm. The particle size distributions were not affected by the grass status. Because manure particles are known to affect transport and retention of microbial pathogens in soil, more information needs to be collected about the concurrent release of pathogens and manure particles during rainfall events.     

Biohydrogen production through fermentation using liquid swine manure as substrate

In this paper, continuous production of hydrogen through fermentation with liquid swine manure as substrate was researched using a semi-continuously fed fermenter (8 L in total volume and 4 L in working volume). The pH and temperature for the fermenter were controlled at 5.3 ± 0.1 and 35 ± 1°C, respectively, throughout the experiment. Three hydraulic retention times (16, 20, and 24 h) were investigated for their impact on the efficiency and performance of the fermenter in terms of hydrogen yields. The results indicate that hydraulic retention time (HRT) has a strong influence on the fermenter performance. An increasing HRT would increase the variation in hydrogen concentration in the offgas. To produce hydrogen with a fairly consistent concentration, the HRT of the fermenter should not exceed 16 h, which, however, did not appear to be short enough to control methanogenesis because the offgas still contained about 5% methane. When methane content in the offgas exceeded 2%, an inverse linear relationship between hydrogen and methane was observed with a correlation coefficient of 0.9699. To increase hydrogen content in the offgas, methane production has to be limited to below 2%. Also, keeping oxygen content in the fermenter below 1.5% would increase the hydrogen concentration to over 15%. The product to substrate ratio was found to be around 50% for the fermenter system studied, evidenced by the observation that for every 6 liters of manure fermented, 3 liters of pure hydrogen were produced, which was significant and encouraging.     

不同改良措施对煤矸石污染土壤上大豆生长的影响

采用盆栽试验,通过添加粉煤灰和牛粪对煤矸石污染土壤进行改良,并研究了不同改良措施对大豆生长、光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,添加粉煤灰0.07 kg.kg-1(T1)、添加牛粪0.07 kg.kg-1(T2)、添加粉煤灰和牛粪各0.07 kg.kg-1(T3)3种土壤改良措施对大豆的株高、叶面积和单株根瘤数均有显著影响,不同生育期株高、叶面积和单株根瘤数均表现为T3>T2>T1>CK。在花期和鼓粒期,3种土壤改良措施下大豆的叶绿素含量和光合速率均显著高于对照,且T3处理显著高于T2和T1。与对照相比,不同土壤改良措施对大豆的单株荚数、百粒重、单株粒重和产量均有显著影响,T3、T2和T1处理的大豆产量较对照分别提高68.47%、40.99%和30.63%。     

有机肥施用下稻田田面水中消毒副产物前体物的赋存规律

稻田有机肥输入会使田面水含有含量的溶解性有机碳(DOC).溶解性有机物(DOM)是具有三致效应的消毒副产物(DBPs)的前体物,而DOC是用于表征DOM浓度的一个指标.本研究旨在评估水稻田田面水的三卤甲烷(THMs)前体物的生成反应性,解析猪粪有机肥对于THMs前体物从水稻田输出的潜在影响.于水稻种植季选取4个猪粪施用梯度(以C计,下同)(0[对照],714.1[低],1428.2[中]与2142.3[高]kg·hm-2),检测了稻田田面水中的DOC,UVA254与三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP).结果表明,3个指标两两之间呈线性相关性.田面水中以上3个指标都与有机肥施用量呈正相关性.在施肥后的7d内,DOC的输出潜能降低了32.9%至47.5%.有机肥施用与预期的降雨或灌溉之间的时间间隔相隔一周以上,将能在满足作物营养需求的条件下降低消毒副产物前体物输出的风险,使稻田土壤成为DOC的汇而非DOC输出至周边水体的源.     

不同畜禽粪与化肥配施对黑土中Cu有效性的影响及相关因素分析

本文通过培养试验,研究了不同畜禽粪与化肥配施对黑土中Cu总量及形态3年内动态变化的影响,并对影响Cu形态变化的相关因素进行了分析.研究结果显示:不同畜禽粪与化肥配施增加了土壤中Cu的总量,增加效果依次为:猪粪与化肥配施鸡粪与化肥配施牛粪与化肥配施.不同畜禽粪与化肥配施导致了土壤中各形态Cu含量增加,增幅依次为:猪粪与化肥配施鸡粪与化肥配施牛粪与化肥配施.此外,不同畜禽粪与化肥配施还导致了土壤中酸可提取态Cu和残渣态Cu比例增加,可还原态Cu和可氧化态Cu比例减少,变化幅度均呈现猪粪与化肥配施鸡粪与化肥配施牛粪与化肥配施的规律.由于酸可提取态Cu占全Cu比例较小(增加后比例仍不足2%),故其对Cu有效性的影响微乎其微,而残渣态Cu的增加,可还原态、可氧化态Cu的减少均表明:不同畜禽粪与化肥配施降低了土壤中Cu的有效性.对于影响Cu形态的相关因素分析,研究结果表明:土壤中各形态Cu与pH值间相关性不显著,但其与有机质含量间相关性极其显著.酸可提取态、残渣态Cu与有机质含量呈显著负相关,可还原态、可氧化态Cu与有机质含量呈显著正相关.此外,畜禽粪与化肥配施增加了土壤中各形态Cu与pH值间的相关性,但对其与有机质含量间关系影响不大.     

温度分化对APBR反应器性能及产甲烷菌群落的影响

为了研究温度分化对固定床厌氧反应器(anaerobic packed bed reactor,APBR)牛粪发酵处理效果及产甲烷菌群落的影响,反应器发酵温度从室温(22℃±1℃)阶梯式分化到低温(15℃±1℃)、中温(37℃±1℃)和高温(55℃±1℃).温度变化的过程中,温度越高COD(chemical oxygen demand)去除率和日总产气量越高,分化后COD去除率分别为25%、45%、60%,相应的日产气量为2.3、4.0、8.5 L·d-1,但是甲烷含量基本保持不变(~60%);温度突然变化造成挥发性脂肪酸含量骤然增加,并处于波动状态.16S r RNA基因克隆文库法分析表明,室温时包含广古菌门中的常见重要产甲烷菌MBT(甲烷杆菌目)、Mst(甲烷鬃菌科)、Msc(甲烷八叠球菌科)和MMB(甲烷微菌目),以及嗜热菌,也有少部分泉古生菌门,发酵温度分化后,产甲烷菌多样性减少,中温条件下产甲烷菌种类相对较少.定量PCR表明Mst、MMB和Msc总基因浓度都有所减少,并且温度越高减少越多,各菌数量相对比例变化较大,但Mst仍为优势产甲烷菌.