鸡粪与麦秆混合厌氧发酵环境中各因子响应关系研究

为了探究发酵过程中各因子之间的相互响应关系,以鸡粪和麦秆为发酵原料,利用Canoco4.5软件对鸡粪/麦秆不同比例混合发酵条件下不同发酵阶段内各因子进行分析,以阐明各发酵阶段内因子间的相互影响关系.结果表明:当鸡粪/麦秆以5∶5的比例混合时,能获得最佳单位甲烷产量(90.56 m L·g-1,以VS计).在整个发酵过程中甲烷产气速率表现为先升高再降低的趋势,将其根据产气速率的大小划分为3个阶段,分别为第Ⅰ阶段(预备期)、第Ⅱ阶段(高峰期)、第Ⅲ阶段(消退期).不同发酵阶段影响单位甲烷产量的主效因子有一定的差异性,其中,第Ⅱ阶段的主效因子为发酵基质的C/N,第Ⅲ阶段为p H值.各发酵阶段因子间相关性各异,第一阶段因子间相关性最强,此后相关性逐渐降低.因此,针对不同阶段各主效因子分别进行控制,能够有效提高发酵效率.     

Investigation of physico-chemical properties and microbial community during poultry manure co-composting process

Co-composting of poultry manure and rubber wood sawdust was performed with the ratio of 2:1 (V/V) for a period of 60 days. An investigation was carried out to study the extracellular enzymatic activities and structural degradation utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microbial succession was also determined by using denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE). The compost was able to reach its highest temperature of 71°C at day 3 and stabilized between 30 and 40°C for 8 weeks. CMCase, FPase and β-glucosidase acted synergistically in order to degrade the cellulosic substrate. The xylanase activities increased gradually during the composting and reached the peak value of 11.637 U/g on day 35, followed by a sharp decline. Both LiP and MnP activities reached their peak values on day 35 with 0.431 and 0.132 U/g respectively. The FT-IR spectra revealed an increase in aromaticity and a decrease in aliphatic compounds such as carbohydrates as decomposition proceeded. TGA/DTG data exhibited significant changes in weight loss in compost samples, indicating degradation of organic matter. SEM micrographs showed higher amounts of parenchyma exposed on the surface of rubber wood sawdust at day 60, showing significant degradation. DGGE and 16S rDNA analyses showed that Burkholderia sp., Pandoraea sp., and Pseudomonas sp. were present throughout the composting process. Ornithinibacillus sp. and Castellaniella ginsengisoli were only found in the initial stage of the composting, while different strains of Burkholderia sp. also occurred in the later stage of composting.     

畜禽粪便生物处理与土地利用全过程中抗生素和重金属抗性基因的赋存与转归特征研究进展

抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance gene,ARG)在全球范围内的传播已引起国际上的广泛关注.越来越多的证据显示抗生素和重金属对抗生素抗性基因在环境中的分布和传播起到了重要作用.畜禽粪便是环境中抗生素和重金属的主要污染源之一,并已成为抗生素抗性基因重要的蓄积库.生物处理(如厌氧发酵和好氧堆肥)和土地利用是畜禽粪便广泛应用的处理与处置方式.本文通过文献调研,综述国内外抗生素抗性基因和重金属抗性基因在畜禽粪便生物处理及土地利用全过程中的传播、分布及控制的研究进展,并对今后的研究重点和方向提出建议和展望,以期为我国畜禽养殖粪便的风险控制和资源化利用提供借鉴.针对畜禽粪便处理处置全过程中抗性基因的削减与控制,我们建议在以下方面开展深入研究:1抗生素抗性基因和重金属抗性基因在全过程中的赋存与转归特征;2生物处理工艺操作参数对畜禽粪便中抗性基因分布及其削减的影响;3加强综合管理研究,源头控制抗性基因;4研发适于全过程抗性基因的协同控制关键技术等.     

不同畜禽粪与化肥配施对黑土中Cu有效性的影响及相关因素分析

本文通过培养试验,研究了不同畜禽粪与化肥配施对黑土中Cu总量及形态3年内动态变化的影响,并对影响Cu形态变化的相关因素进行了分析.研究结果显示:不同畜禽粪与化肥配施增加了土壤中Cu的总量,增加效果依次为:猪粪与化肥配施鸡粪与化肥配施牛粪与化肥配施.不同畜禽粪与化肥配施导致了土壤中各形态Cu含量增加,增幅依次为:猪粪与化肥配施鸡粪与化肥配施牛粪与化肥配施.此外,不同畜禽粪与化肥配施还导致了土壤中酸可提取态Cu和残渣态Cu比例增加,可还原态Cu和可氧化态Cu比例减少,变化幅度均呈现猪粪与化肥配施鸡粪与化肥配施牛粪与化肥配施的规律.由于酸可提取态Cu占全Cu比例较小(增加后比例仍不足2%),故其对Cu有效性的影响微乎其微,而残渣态Cu的增加,可还原态、可氧化态Cu的减少均表明:不同畜禽粪与化肥配施降低了土壤中Cu的有效性.对于影响Cu形态的相关因素分析,研究结果表明:土壤中各形态Cu与pH值间相关性不显著,但其与有机质含量间相关性极其显著.酸可提取态、残渣态Cu与有机质含量呈显著负相关,可还原态、可氧化态Cu与有机质含量呈显著正相关.此外,畜禽粪与化肥配施增加了土壤中各形态Cu与pH值间的相关性,但对其与有机质含量间关系影响不大.     

有机肥施用下稻田田面水中消毒副产物前体物的赋存规律

稻田有机肥输入会使田面水含有含量的溶解性有机碳(DOC).溶解性有机物(DOM)是具有三致效应的消毒副产物(DBPs)的前体物,而DOC是用于表征DOM浓度的一个指标.本研究旨在评估水稻田田面水的三卤甲烷(THMs)前体物的生成反应性,解析猪粪有机肥对于THMs前体物从水稻田输出的潜在影响.于水稻种植季选取4个猪粪施用梯度(以C计,下同)(0[对照],714.1[低],1428.2[中]与2142.3[高]kg·hm-2),检测了稻田田面水中的DOC,UVA254与三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP).结果表明,3个指标两两之间呈线性相关性.田面水中以上3个指标都与有机肥施用量呈正相关性.在施肥后的7d内,DOC的输出潜能降低了32.9%至47.5%.有机肥施用与预期的降雨或灌溉之间的时间间隔相隔一周以上,将能在满足作物营养需求的条件下降低消毒副产物前体物输出的风险,使稻田土壤成为DOC的汇而非DOC输出至周边水体的源.     

基于GIS的东北农田畜禽粪便施用适宜性分析

东北三省是我国重要的粮食生产和工业基地.近年来,随着经济发展增速加快和产业结构调整力度加大,畜禽养殖业发展迅速,畜禽粪便产生量也快速增加.如何合理处置和利用畜禽粪便对东北三省的农业生产和环境保护都具有重要意义.本研究基于GIS平台,从自然、环境、社会和经济等多方面对东北三省畜禽粪便农田施用的适宜性进行了定量分析和评价.结果表明,东北三省78.9%的耕地适宜施用畜禽粪便,总面积为211942.7km2,主要分布在黑龙江和吉林省的大部分地区.总体来看,与居民区、水体和道路之间的禁施距离,是限制东北三省畜禽粪便耕地施用的关键因子,降雨量差异是影响耕地施用畜禽粪便适宜性地区差异的主要因子.结合适宜施用畜禽粪便的耕地面积和现有畜禽养殖水平,以畜禽粪便排放P2O5为评价指标,36个城市的养殖可发展潜力从四平市超出耕地负荷181.3万头到齐齐哈尔市1120.3万头的盈余,差异较大.从区域分布看,东部区域还有284.2万头的养殖发展空间,西部地区的辽宁中部和吉林中部近一半城市畜禽养殖量已经超过耕地可承载能力,而典型山区林区的养殖业进一步发展的空间相对较小(25.2万头的盈余量),应该适度控制和调整养殖业的发展.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from a maize field during two consecutive growing seasons in the North China Plain

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a maize field in the North China Plain (Wangdu County, Hebei Province, China) were investigated using static chambers during two consecutive maize growing seasons in the 2008 and 2009. The N₂O pulse emissions occurred with duration of about 10 days after basal and additional fertilizer applications in the both years. The average N₂O fluxes from the CK (control plot, without crop, fertilization and irrigation), NP (chemical N fertilizer), SN (wheat straw returning plus chemical N fertilizer), OM- 1/2N (chicken manure plus half chemical N fertilizer) and OMN (chicken manure plus chemical N fertilizer) plots in 2008 were 8.51, 72.1, 76.6, 101, 107 ng N/(m²·sec), respectively, and in 2009 were 33.7, 30.0 and 35.0 ng N/(m²·sec) from CK, NP and SN plots, respectively. The emission factors of the applied fertilizer as N₂O-N (EFs) were 3.8% (2008) and 1.1% (2009) for the NP plot, 3.2% (2008) and 1.2% (2009) for the SN plot, and 2.8% and 2.2% in 2008 for the OM-1/2N and OMN plots, respectively. Hydromorphic properties of the investigated soil (with gley) are in favor of denitrification. The large differences of the soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) between the two maize seasons were suspected to be responsible for the significant yearly variations. Compared with the treatments of NP and SN, chicken manure coupled with compound fertilizer application significantly reduced fertilizer loss rate as N₂O-N.     

畜禽粪便有机肥中Cu、Zn在不同农田土壤中的形态归趋和有效性动态变化

通过土壤培养试验,研究了不同畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属Cu、Zn在不同农田土壤中的形态归趋和有效性动态变化过程,为合理确定由畜禽粪便有机肥带入农田土壤的重金属负荷,科学评价畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属进入土壤后的生态风险提供理论依据.结果表明,土壤中施用畜禽粪便有机肥后,酸性土壤p H值升高,而石灰性土壤p H值降低.施用鸡粪后6个月内,有效态Cu含量在2种土壤中显著低于等量Cu无机盐处理,而有效态Zn含量则与等量Zn无机盐处理无显著差异;施用猪粪后6个月内,有效态Cu和Zn含量在2种土壤中均与等量Cu和Zn无机盐处理无显著差异.形态归趋研究表明,通过畜禽粪便有机肥进入土壤中的Cu和Zn在土壤中主要以交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态以及有机结合态的形式存在,且畜禽粪便有机肥的来源不同,各形态Cu和Zn在不同土壤中所占比例不同.土壤中施用畜禽粪便有机肥6个月时,Cu和Zn交换态以及铁锰氧化物结合态所占比例低于等量Cu和Zn无机盐处理,而有机结合态所占比例高于等量Cu和Zn无机盐处理,其它形态与无机盐处理无显著差异.     

Performance evaluation of a completely stirred anaerobic reactor treating pig manure at a low range of mesophilic conditions

Many Chinese biogas plants run in the lower range of mesophilic conditions. This study evaluated the performance of a completely stirred anaerobic reactor treating pig manure at different temperatures (20, 28 and 38 °C). The start-up phase of the reactor at 20 °C was very long and extremely poor performance was observed with increasing organic loading rate (OLR). At an OLR of 4.3 g ODM L^?1 d^?1, methane production at 28 °C was comparable (3% less) with that at 38 °C, but the risk of acidification was high at 28 °C. At low OLR (1.3 g ODM L^?1 d^?1), the biogas process appeared stable at 28 °C and gave same methane yields as compared to the reactor operating at 38 °C. The estimated sludge yield at 28 °C was 0.065 g VSS g^?1 COD_removed, which was higher than that at 38 °C (0.016 g VSS g^?1 COD_removed).     

改进型升流式固体反应器处理猪粪污新工艺研究

对传统升流式固体反应器（USR）进行改进,反应器内设置专用搅拌器,搅拌器间歇开启,在保留USR各项优势的前提下,使料液与厌氧微生物接触更充分,反应温度更均匀,提高产气率,同时还解决了传统USR的“结壳”问题,提高了反应器的传质效率、甲烷产气率和COD去除效果。进料含固量在12.1%时,水利停留时间为17 d,反应器最高容积负荷达到4.9 kg COD/(m³·d),产气速率为2.55 m³/(m³·d),产气率达到0.359 m³/kg干猪粪。