亚热带丘陵区集约化养猪场氨气近源沉降的土壤和植物氮素响应

选取中国亚热带丘陵区一集约化育肥猪场为研究对象,采用环形扩散管大气采样系统(DELTA),开展为期1 a养殖场500 m近源区大气氨浓度监测,采用双向交换模型,估算氨沉降量。采集养猪场近源区土壤、植株样品,探究大型集约化养殖场近源区土壤、植物氮素对氨沉降梯度的响应特征。结果表明：养猪场近源区土壤无机氮含量为2.3—32.4 mg·kg^-1(以铵态氮为主),随氨沉降量增加而增加。草本(白茅)盖度随氨沉降量增加而增加,500 m范围内增幅平均可达45.7%;灌木(黄荆)盖度随氨沉降量增加而减小,降幅平均为27.5%。植株叶片氮含量与氨沉降间关系不明显,灌木、苔藓叶片δ¹⁵N值为-13‰—-2‰,且随氨沉降增加而减小。δ¹⁵N可用于识别植物叶片氮素来源,与植株叶片总氮含量相比,植株叶片δ¹⁵N对氨沉降具有更好的生物指示作用。     

SPRING RUNOFF AND DRAINAGE N AND P LOSSES FROM HOG-MANURED CORN1

ABSTRACT: A two-year study was conducted to assess the effect of hog manure on the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff and drainage from grain-corn (Zea mays L.) plots, and the importance of spring versus annual loads. Treatments consisted of mineral N-P-K fertilizer applied at rates of 152 kg N ha^-1, 35 kg P ha^-1, and 86 kg K ha^-1; and hog (Sus scrofa domestica L.) manure applied preplant or post-emergence (six-to-eight leaf stage), at 152 kg N ha^-1, 39 kg P ha^-1, and 112 kg K ha^-1. The plots were rototilled (7 cm depth) in spring to incorporate fertilizer and preplant hog manure, and fall chisel-plowed (15 cm depth) to incorporate chopped corn residues. They were arranged in a completely randomized plot design. Flow volumes and nutrient levels in runoff and drainage waters were monitored year round but occurred mainly during the snowmelt (March 25-April 9), and post.snowmelt (April 10-May 13) periods. Of the total amount of water lost during snowmelt, 90 percent was in runoff, while 92 percent occurred as drainage in the post-snowmelt period. Sixty-five percent of the total annual volume of water lost was lost during these two periods as runoff and drainage. Treatments did not affect the annual snowmelt or post-snowmelt N and P loads. Total annual loads averaged 8.0 kg TKN ha^-1, 1.8 kg NH₄-N ha^-1, 43 kg NO₃-N ha^-1, 0.4 kg TP ha^-1, and 0.15 kg PO₄-P ha^-1. Spring (snowmelt and ost-snowmelt) runoff and drainage loads averaged 2.9 kg TKN ha^-1, 1.2 kg NH₄-N ha^-1, 18 kg NO₃-N ha^-1, 0.25 kg TP ha^-1, and 0.04 kg PO₄-P ha^-1, which were 40 percent to 70 percent of the yearly nutrient loads. Therefore, the hog manure management systems examined were of no greater threat to the environment than mineral fertilizers. However, spring N and P losses do represent an important part of the annual nutrient loss budget, even with conservation practices.     

FECAL COLIFORM AND STREPTOCOCCUS CONCENTRATIONS IN RUNOFF FROM GRAZED PASTURES IN NORTHWEST ARKANSAS1

ABSTRACT: Agricultural practices such as cattle grazing and animal manure application can contribute to relatively high runoff concentrations of fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS). Available information, however, is inconsistent with respect to the effects of such practices as well as to measures that can discriminate among candidate sources of FC and FS. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of grazing, time of year, and runoff amounts on FC and FS concentrations and to evaluate whether FCIFS concentration ratios are consistent with earlier values reported as characteristic of animal sources. Runoff from four Northwest Arkansas fields was sampled and analyzed for fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS) for nearly three years (1991–1994). Each field was grazed and fertilized, with two fields receiving inorganic fertilizer and two receiving animal manure. Runoff amount had no effect on runoff concentrations of FC or FS. There were no consistent relationships between the presence of cattle and FC and FS runoff concentrations. Both FC and FS concentrations were affected by the season during which the runoff occurred. Higher concentrations were observed during warmer months. Runoff FC concentrations exceeded the primary contact standard of 200 cfu/100 mL during at least 89 percent of all runoff events and the secondary contact standard of 1000 cfu/100 mL during at least 70 percent of the events. Ratios of FC to FS concentrations varied widely (from near zero to more than 100), confirming earlier findings that FC/FS ratios are not a reliable indicator of the source of FC and FS.     

丛枝菌根真菌及猪炭对多氯联苯污染土壤的联合修复作用

选用玉米(Zea mays L.)为供试植物,采用盆栽试验研究了接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌(Funneliformis mosseae)和添加不同粒径猪炭对多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)污染土壤的联合修复效应及其对土壤微生物的影响.结果表明,接种AM真菌(10%接种量)及添加2.5%猪炭对土壤有效磷含量提高具有显著的协同效应,猪炭还显著提高了土壤有机碳、速效钾含量和pH值(p0.05);猪炭显著促进了菌根真菌侵染率,但对玉米根系生物量具有抑制作用.接种AM真菌的同时添加猪炭提高了细菌16S rDNA丰度,且接种AM真菌同时添加粒径0.25 mm猪炭显著促进了土壤PCBs降解率.AM真菌与猪炭改变了土壤微生物种群的相对丰度,其中,Planctomycetes与土壤三氯联苯降解显著相关(r=0.049,p0.05),而Acidobacteria与五氯联苯降解显著相关(r=0.008,p0.01).AM真菌及猪炭提高了土壤有效养分含量,促进了植物生物量和土壤PCBs降解,对PCBs污染土壤具有较好的修复潜力.     

鸡粪中高温厌氧甲烷发酵产气潜能与动力学特性

采用富含氮素的鸡粪为原料,包括原料鸡粪、鸡粪固相部分和鸡粪液相部分,选取以鸡粪为原料连续稳定运行超过90d的中高温厌氧反应器新鲜出料为接种污泥,在中温（35℃）和高温（55℃）条件下开展动力学和产甲烷潜能试验.采用Gompertz模型、一级动力学模型和两阶段模型对鸡粪中高温累积产甲烷量进行拟合.结果表明,鸡粪中高温甲烷发酵均呈现明显的快速产气期和慢速产气期两阶段特征,快速产气期的动力学常数K₁分别为0.4174和0.2104d^-1,快速产气分别在4.5和6.5d结束,快速产气量占到总产气量的69%和58%.原料鸡粪和液相部分的中温发酵动力学常数（K₁）分别为0.4177和0.2330d^-1,均高于高温的0.1721,0.2214d^-1,发酵产气速率较快.鸡粪固相部分中温发酵的动力学常数为0.1960d^-1,低于液相中温发酵的0.2330d^-1和固相高温的0.2310d^-1,中温条件下,水解过程是限制鸡粪甲烷发酵速率的主要因素之一.鸡粪固体和鸡粪液体高温发酵的动力学常数K分别为0.2310,0.22214d^-1,鸡粪固体发酵产甲烷的速率快于液相部分,水解过程不是限制鸡粪高温发酵产甲烷速率的最主要因素.产甲烷潜能试验表明鸡粪在中温和高温下产甲烷潜能分别为212,177mL/gTS.因此,仅从发酵效率的角度考虑,鸡粪中温发酵比高温发酵的产甲烷潜能更高,产甲烷速率更快.     

“熟人社会”农村与“原子化”农村中的生猪养殖废弃物能源化利用——博弈、仿真与现实检验

以生猪粪便制沼气为例,应用博弈论和仿真方法,探究了“熟人社会”农村和“原子化”农村中养猪户的行为演化规律和稳定策略。进而以规模养猪户微观数据为基础,应用计量经济学研究方法,对博弈和仿真结果进行了检验。研究表明：“地方性共识”引致的隐性激励是维系“熟人社会”农村生猪养殖废弃物能源化利用集体行动的重要机制。而在“原子化”农村中,由于人情机制与礼俗机制的衰弱,“地方性共识”近乎消失殆尽,养猪户倾向于成为严格的机会主义者,从而导致生猪养殖废弃物能源化利用集体行动举步维艰。据此,在强化法律法规、政策方针等正式制度建设的同时,还应推动“地方性共识”建设,以乡村文化振兴助推乡村生态振兴。     

猪粪溶解性有机物对紫色土中抗生素迁移的影响

以川中丘陵区广泛分布的石灰性紫色土（坡耕地与果园土）为研究对象,通过批量平衡与填装土柱实验研究了猪粪溶解性有机物（DOM）对氟苯尼考（FFC）与诺氟沙星（NOR）在土壤中吸附-解吸和淋溶特性的影响.结果表明：FFC在紫色土中吸附较弱（K_f =0.34L/kg（坡耕地）和0.85L/kg（果园土））且存在解吸负迟滞现象.当它随猪粪DOM（50~200mg C/L）同时进入土壤时,FFC在两种土壤中的吸附都显著增加（P<0.05）,而猪粪DOM（200mg C/L）预先与土壤发生作用的情况对FFC的吸附促进作用则明显减弱,表明两者对土壤吸附点位存在竞争的同时,猪粪DOM主要以共吸附机制促进FFC在土壤中的吸附;NOR吸附性很强（K_f =405.4L/kg（坡耕地）和516.7L/kg（果园土））,猪粪DOM也能促进NOR在坡耕地土壤中的吸附,而对果园土壤的影响不显著.在20mm/h模拟降雨强度下获得的土柱淋溶穿透曲线表明,FFC极易迁移,在坡耕地土柱中与水流示踪剂Br^-几乎同时穿透,其淋溶总量比果园高11.03%~23.39%;NOR未发生穿透,且96.2%~98.6%残留集中分布在0~3cm表层土壤中.与批量平衡实验结果一致,猪粪DOM使FFC穿透时间延迟0.07~0.13孔隙体积,土柱中残留量增加15.21%~25.96%,而对NOR的淋溶没有影响.FTIR与三维荧光光谱分析表明,猪粪DOM主要由酪氨酸和色氨酸组成,在水相中易与FFC形成复合物.综上,对于弱疏水型抗生素,粪源DOM可通过共吸附机制增加抗生素在土壤中的持留,从而减少其淋溶迁移,而对于强吸附性疏水型抗生素则影响不显著.     

中国农田畜禽粪尿氮负荷量及其还田潜力

为准确掌握中国各省区畜禽粪尿及氮负荷量,以及还田利用潜力,本研究基于统计数据和已有资料,利用猪粪当量(N)估算了1978年以来中国畜禽粪尿量的变化规律,以及各类畜禽粪尿的构成比例,分析和评价了2016各省份畜禽粪尿、纯氮负荷量的空间分布和污染风险,并估算了各省份畜禽粪尿的还田潜力.结果表明,中国畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(N)及其N养分量总体上呈"快速增加(1978~2005年)-保持稳定(2006~2016年)"的变化态势,到2016年,分别达到366 822.01×10~4t和2 024.10×10~4t,均增长了105.78%,94.03%~98.34%的粪尿量来源于家禽、羊、猪和牛.畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(N)及其N养分量最大的区域是华北地区,其中河南省为最,分别占全国的22.25%和8.81%.其次是四川,占8.14%.按耕地、作物播种面积和农用地面积分别计算单位面积上的畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(N)及其N养分量,并进行r值分级和环境风险评价.如果承载场所为耕地,负荷量较大的是西南和东南地区,污染风险较严重的是华北地区,为Ⅳ级;若按农作物种植面积,西北和西南地区负荷量较大,西北和华北地区为Ⅲ级有污染风险;若按农用地计算,华北和东南地区负荷量较大,华北地区Ⅲ级有污染风险,湖南负荷量最大,北京、山东和河南为Ⅳ级较严重污染风险.全国畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(N)及其N养分还田量分别为113 480.75×10~4t和626.15×10~4t,按单位农用地面积分别相当于3.07 t·hm~(-2)和16.92 kg·hm~(-2),华北地区最大,为8.27t·hm~(-2)和45.62 kg·hm~(-2).若按50%的粪尿N养分环境容量(85 kg·hm~(-2))计算,全国可增加粪尿N养分还田量为2 520.21×10~4t,粮食主产区黑龙江还田潜力最大,其次是四川.     

环丙沙星胁迫猪粪生物转化中抗性基因微生物响应分析

抗性基因（Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs）是一种新兴污染物,持续累积会引发环境健康风险,也可通过水平转移诱导耐药细菌产生,从而危害人类健康与国家生物安全.当前关于ARGs的研究多集中于水、土壤、大气等环境介质,固体废弃物领域ARGs研究尚局限于其丰度变化与影响因素方面,对抗生素-ARGs剂量-效应关系、导致ARGs丰度变化的微生物响应机制仍有待深入研究.基于此,开展了不同浓度水平环丙沙星（Ciprofloxacin,CIP）胁迫下猪粪堆肥试验,环丙沙星添加量分别为25 mg/kg（A25）、50 mg/kg（A50）、100 mg/kg（A100）,同时设置空白对照0 mg/kg（CK）.采用分子生物学手段、网络分析、统计学分析等方法,解析了不同浓度环丙沙星胁迫猪粪好氧堆肥过程中喹诺酮类ARGs丰度变化的微生物响应关系,并重点探讨了潜在宿主菌中致病菌的分布及其与ARGs的相关性.结果表明:①经堆肥处理,CK、A25和A100堆体中喹诺酮类ARGs总丰度均受到不同程度削减,A50堆体中ARGs总丰度未被削减（升高2.73倍）.而高温期除CK外,3个处理组中ARGs丰度均显著降低（P < 0.05）,表明堆肥高温期或是削减ARGs的关键阶段.②狭义梭菌属（Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1）、水微菌属（Aquamicrobium）、乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）及交替赤杆菌属（Altererythrobacter）既是堆肥环境中优势菌属,也是喹诺酮类ARGs潜在宿主微生物,主要分布在厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）.③丰度较高的致病菌Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1和链球菌（Streptococcus）是喹诺酮类ARGs的潜在宿主菌,且至堆肥腐熟期,仍有部分致病菌均未被完全去除,可见猪粪堆肥过程中存在ARGs向致病菌转移的环境健康风险.研究显示,加强高温期干预调控,是有效阻控ARGs环境污染行为的关键节点,研究可为固废资源化过程中ARGs环境健康风险防控提供参考.      

Renewable energy from gasification of manure: an innovative technology in search of fertile policy

After describing an innovative technology, the close-coupled gasification and cyclonic combustor, this article explores the policy issues that inhibit a superior sustainable solution fromflourishing. Discussion of technology includes defining biomass,explaining what biomass to energy means, what the advantages of biomass to energy are, and why gasification is a superior biomassto energy technology. Specifically the environmental benefits ofalternatives to landspreading of traditional manure management arediscussed, as well as the advantages of gasification versus traditional combustion techniques for high nitrogen fuels. The policy environment is explored, particularly regarding sustainability, manure management, and renewable energy. Artificial, non-sustainable barriers to renewable energy, and the impact of wide jurisdictional variability are discussed. North Carolina is identified as a unique jurisdiction to monitor because of its high volume of livestock manure, and laggard position in renewable energy advocacy. The authors contend that these two positions are unsustainable, and that pressures can beexpected to force the state to modify its renewable energy policies or risk losing market share in livestock production tomore pro-sustainable policy oriented states.