3级生铁过滤-厌氧-生物接触氧化法处理糠醛废水研究

糠醛是重要的有机化工溶剂和生产原料.目前糠醛生产企业的环保治理还没有跟上生产的发展,三废污染相当严重,废水的COD高,酸性强,直接排放对当地的地下水造成严重污染.糠醛行业的污染问题已经成为制约糠醛生产的瓶颈因素和亟待解决的重大课题.就糠醛生产工艺与生产废水水质特点,采用3级生铁过滤-厌氧-生物接触氧化法治理糠醛废水.运行结果表明,糠醛废水经处理后,COD的总去除率达到98%以上,出水pH6-9,符合国家《污水综合排放标准》(8979-1996)中2级排放标准的要求.     

红壤重金属复合污染修复的生态环境效应与评价指标

通过对重金属复合污染红壤菜园土和水稻土的培育试验,研究施用有机肥和石灰对红壤中生物有效性重金属(Cd、Cu、Pb)含量、土壤微生物和植物生理过程的影响.试验结果表明,石灰对土壤重金属污染的修复效果比有机肥好.施用石灰降低了0.05mol/L HCl提取的土壤生物有效性Cu和Pb的含量,施用猪粪后显著增加了土壤生物有效性Cd的含量,红薯植株中重金属含量的变化与此一致.土壤生物有效性重金属含量与可溶性有机碳(DOC)呈极显著相关.施用石灰和有机肥后,土壤微生物数量增加,3大菌中放线菌数量与生物有效性重金属的含量之间显著相关,但微生物生物量碳只与土壤生物有效性Cd含量显著相关.红薯根系中重金属含量与土壤生物有效性重金属含量之间显著相关,但在茎叶中只有Cu表现出显著相关性.施用石灰和有机肥后红薯的生理指标大多增加.土壤生物有效性Cu、Pb含量与红薯的平均蒸腾速率、净生物量和叶面积指数之间表现出很好的相关性,但土壤生物有效性Cd含量与红薯生理指标相关性不强.在红薯苗期,土壤生物有效性Cu、Pb与红薯的日平均净光合速率和蒸腾速率之间相关显著.因此作物生长期的生理指标可以指示土壤重金属生物有效性的变化.     

不同堆肥材料及引入外源微生物对高温堆肥腐熟度影响的研究

利用畜禽养殖场粪便（ 鸡粪、鸡粪稻壳和猪粪） 和农业废弃物（ 稻壳） 在自动化堆肥装置中进行堆肥试验,探讨不同碳氮比和引入外源微生物后对堆肥腐熟度及养分含量与形态的影响及寻找畜禽粪便快速、高效的高温堆肥方法和条件．结果表明：稻壳是一种硅含量较高难分解的高碳素含量原料,在堆肥前后碳素和 Ｃ／ Ｎ（ ｍ／ｍ） 比变化较小,因而不能以 Ｃ／ Ｎ 比变化来确定堆肥是否腐熟;堆肥水浸提液 Ｗ Ｓ Ｃ／ｏｒｇ － Ｎ（ ｍ／ ｍ） 比和发芽率指数（ Ｉ Ｇ） 指标可以确切反映堆肥的腐熟度．试验比较表明：采用猪粪：稻壳鸡粪：稻壳＝ ６ ：３ ．８（４） ：５ 的质量比,再添加ｗ ＝ ０ ．５ ％ 的快速发酵菌剂,能加速稻壳堆肥腐熟,显著缩短发酵时间,一般堆制１４ ～２１ ｄ 即达到要求     

连续周年轮作休耕对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳的影响

为探究连续周年轮作休耕对红壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量的影响,以坡耕地红壤为研究对象,采用湿筛法和重铬酸钾-浓硫酸外加热法分别测定水稳性团聚体和有机碳含量,分析了2020~2022年玉米-苕子-玉米轮作（M-V-M）、玉米-豌豆-玉米轮作（M-P-M）、玉米-冬闲-玉米（M-F-M）和周年休耕（F-F-F）这4个处理下土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量变化特征以及两者间的相互关系.结果表明,在2021年和2022年中,F-F-F、M-V-M和M-P-M处理的> 2 mm团聚体含量较M-F-M分别显著提高了67.01%~100.92%、29.71%~33.67%和29.68%~38.07%;2021年和2022年中F-F-F、M-V-M的团聚体稳定性参数显著高于M-F-M（P < 0.05）.M-V-M处理下的> 2 mm团聚体含量、GMD（几何平均直径）和MWD（平均重量直径）及F-F-F处理的R_0.25（ > 0.25 mm团聚体含量）、MWD和> 2 mm团聚体含量随着轮作休耕年限的延长而增加,而F-F-F处理下1~2 mm和< 0.25 mm团聚体含量随着休耕年限的增加而降低.绿肥轮作和休耕处理均能够提高SOC含量,且F-F-F和M-V-M处理的SOC含量随年限的延长而增加.相关性分析表明,所有处理下SOC含量与R_0.25呈极显著正相关,与GMD呈显著正相关;F-F-F处理下的R_0.25和GMD及M-V-M处理下的GMD和MWD均与SOC含量显著正相关.结果表明,连续周年轮作休耕有利于提高土壤大团聚体含量、团聚体稳定性和SOC含量,可为我国南方坡耕地红壤区推行合理的连续周年轮作休耕模式和水土流失防治提供理论依据.     

Dynamics of Organic Carbon and Microbial Biomass in Alluvial Soil With Tillage and Amendments in Rice-wheat Systems

Rice-wheat cropping systems of the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) occupying 12 million ha of productive land are important for the food security of South Asia. There are, however, concerns that yield and factor productivity trends in these systems are declining/stagnating in recent years. Decrease in soil organic carbon is often suggested as a reason for such trends. A field experiment was conducted to study the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) dynamics in the rice-wheat systems. Use of organic amendments and puddling of soil before rice transplanting increased SOC and MBC contents. Microbial biomass carbon showed a seasonal pattern. It was low initially, reached its peak during the flowering stages in both rice and wheat and declined thereafter. Microbial biomass carbon was linearly related to SOC in both rice and wheat indicating that SOC could be used as a proxy for MBC.     

Effects of cattle manure on erosion rates and runoff water pollution by faecal coliforms

The large quantities of slurry and manure that are produced annually in many areas in which cattle are raised could be an important source of organic matter and nutrients for agriculture. However, the benefits of waste recycling may be partially offset by the risk of water pollution associated with runoff from the fields to which slurry or manure has been applied. In this paper, the effects of cattle manure application on soil erosion rates and runoff and on surface water pollution by faecal coliforms are analysed. Rainfall simulations at a rate of 70 mm h(-1) were conducted in a sandy loam soil packed into soil flumes (2.5m long x 1m wide) at a bulk density of 1400 kg m(-3), with and without cattle slurry manure applied on the surface. For each simulation, sediment and runoff rates were analysed and in those simulations with applied slurry, presumptive faecal coliform (PFC) concentrations in the runoff were evaluated. The application of slurry on the soil surface appeared to have a protective effect on the soils, reducing soil detachment by up to 70% but increasing runoff volume by up to 30%. This practice implies an important source of pollution for surface waters especially if rainfall takes place within a short period after application. The concentrations of micro-organisms (presumptive faecal coliforms (PFCs)) found in water runoff ranged from 1.9 x 10(4) to 1.1 x 10(6) PFC 100mL(-1), depending on the initial concentration in the slurry, and they were particularly high during the first phases of the rainfall event. The result indicates a strong relationship between the faecal coliforms transported by runoff and the organic matter in the sediment.     

亚热带丘陵区集约化养猪场氨气近源沉降的土壤和植物氮素响应

选取中国亚热带丘陵区一集约化育肥猪场为研究对象,采用环形扩散管大气采样系统(DELTA),开展为期1 a养殖场500 m近源区大气氨浓度监测,采用双向交换模型,估算氨沉降量。采集养猪场近源区土壤、植株样品,探究大型集约化养殖场近源区土壤、植物氮素对氨沉降梯度的响应特征。结果表明：养猪场近源区土壤无机氮含量为2.3—32.4 mg·kg^-1(以铵态氮为主),随氨沉降量增加而增加。草本(白茅)盖度随氨沉降量增加而增加,500 m范围内增幅平均可达45.7%;灌木(黄荆)盖度随氨沉降量增加而减小,降幅平均为27.5%。植株叶片氮含量与氨沉降间关系不明显,灌木、苔藓叶片δ¹⁵N值为-13‰—-2‰,且随氨沉降增加而减小。δ¹⁵N可用于识别植物叶片氮素来源,与植株叶片总氮含量相比,植株叶片δ¹⁵N对氨沉降具有更好的生物指示作用。     

SPRING RUNOFF AND DRAINAGE N AND P LOSSES FROM HOG-MANURED CORN1

ABSTRACT: A two-year study was conducted to assess the effect of hog manure on the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff and drainage from grain-corn (Zea mays L.) plots, and the importance of spring versus annual loads. Treatments consisted of mineral N-P-K fertilizer applied at rates of 152 kg N ha^-1, 35 kg P ha^-1, and 86 kg K ha^-1; and hog (Sus scrofa domestica L.) manure applied preplant or post-emergence (six-to-eight leaf stage), at 152 kg N ha^-1, 39 kg P ha^-1, and 112 kg K ha^-1. The plots were rototilled (7 cm depth) in spring to incorporate fertilizer and preplant hog manure, and fall chisel-plowed (15 cm depth) to incorporate chopped corn residues. They were arranged in a completely randomized plot design. Flow volumes and nutrient levels in runoff and drainage waters were monitored year round but occurred mainly during the snowmelt (March 25-April 9), and post.snowmelt (April 10-May 13) periods. Of the total amount of water lost during snowmelt, 90 percent was in runoff, while 92 percent occurred as drainage in the post-snowmelt period. Sixty-five percent of the total annual volume of water lost was lost during these two periods as runoff and drainage. Treatments did not affect the annual snowmelt or post-snowmelt N and P loads. Total annual loads averaged 8.0 kg TKN ha^-1, 1.8 kg NH₄-N ha^-1, 43 kg NO₃-N ha^-1, 0.4 kg TP ha^-1, and 0.15 kg PO₄-P ha^-1. Spring (snowmelt and ost-snowmelt) runoff and drainage loads averaged 2.9 kg TKN ha^-1, 1.2 kg NH₄-N ha^-1, 18 kg NO₃-N ha^-1, 0.25 kg TP ha^-1, and 0.04 kg PO₄-P ha^-1, which were 40 percent to 70 percent of the yearly nutrient loads. Therefore, the hog manure management systems examined were of no greater threat to the environment than mineral fertilizers. However, spring N and P losses do represent an important part of the annual nutrient loss budget, even with conservation practices.     

FECAL COLIFORM AND STREPTOCOCCUS CONCENTRATIONS IN RUNOFF FROM GRAZED PASTURES IN NORTHWEST ARKANSAS1

ABSTRACT: Agricultural practices such as cattle grazing and animal manure application can contribute to relatively high runoff concentrations of fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS). Available information, however, is inconsistent with respect to the effects of such practices as well as to measures that can discriminate among candidate sources of FC and FS. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of grazing, time of year, and runoff amounts on FC and FS concentrations and to evaluate whether FCIFS concentration ratios are consistent with earlier values reported as characteristic of animal sources. Runoff from four Northwest Arkansas fields was sampled and analyzed for fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS) for nearly three years (1991–1994). Each field was grazed and fertilized, with two fields receiving inorganic fertilizer and two receiving animal manure. Runoff amount had no effect on runoff concentrations of FC or FS. There were no consistent relationships between the presence of cattle and FC and FS runoff concentrations. Both FC and FS concentrations were affected by the season during which the runoff occurred. Higher concentrations were observed during warmer months. Runoff FC concentrations exceeded the primary contact standard of 200 cfu/100 mL during at least 89 percent of all runoff events and the secondary contact standard of 1000 cfu/100 mL during at least 70 percent of the events. Ratios of FC to FS concentrations varied widely (from near zero to more than 100), confirming earlier findings that FC/FS ratios are not a reliable indicator of the source of FC and FS.     

丛枝菌根真菌及猪炭对多氯联苯污染土壤的联合修复作用

选用玉米(Zea mays L.)为供试植物,采用盆栽试验研究了接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌(Funneliformis mosseae)和添加不同粒径猪炭对多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)污染土壤的联合修复效应及其对土壤微生物的影响.结果表明,接种AM真菌(10%接种量)及添加2.5%猪炭对土壤有效磷含量提高具有显著的协同效应,猪炭还显著提高了土壤有机碳、速效钾含量和pH值(p0.05);猪炭显著促进了菌根真菌侵染率,但对玉米根系生物量具有抑制作用.接种AM真菌的同时添加猪炭提高了细菌16S rDNA丰度,且接种AM真菌同时添加粒径0.25 mm猪炭显著促进了土壤PCBs降解率.AM真菌与猪炭改变了土壤微生物种群的相对丰度,其中,Planctomycetes与土壤三氯联苯降解显著相关(r=0.049,p0.05),而Acidobacteria与五氯联苯降解显著相关(r=0.008,p0.01).AM真菌及猪炭提高了土壤有效养分含量,促进了植物生物量和土壤PCBs降解,对PCBs污染土壤具有较好的修复潜力.