黑水虻处理养殖废物的研究现状

利用腐食性昆虫黑水虻处理禽畜粪便,能够以较低的成本将大量的禽畜粪便转化为具有高附加值的昆虫蛋白源饲料,在消除环境污染的同时,为市场提供动物蛋白源饲料添加剂,从而实现农业废弃物的资源化利用。黑水虻的干物质含有42%的粗蛋白和35%的脂肪,必须氨基酸含量优于鱼粉,特别适合于水产养殖。     

磷回收技术的研发现状及发展趋势

磷是地球上一种不可自然再生的有限资源,磷的这一属性近年来已诱使国际磷矿石价格一路飙升,较10年前翻了6番.与此同时,全球范围内普遍存在着陆地磷矿产资源日益匮乏与水环境中磷含量过高而导致水体富营养化这一矛盾.这样的资源与环境现状目前正推动着以"回收"磷代替"去除"磷之理念的快速传播与研发技术的实际应用;从污水以及动物粪尿中发掘"第二磷矿"的设想目前正被国际社会所日益青睐.2009年5月"第4届从污水中回收营养物国际会议"高度浓缩了当今世界有关磷回收技术的研发与应用现状.以此次会议内容为主线,结合其他方面最新研究与应用成果,首先对磷回收偏爱产物——鸟粪石形成的pH等重要反应条件之基础性研究成果进行了概述.其次,详细阐述了磷回收技术的研发进展,除传统的化学沉淀、结晶、吸附/解吸附等方法外,还着重介绍了尿液源分离、MBR、纳米技术、丝状聚磷微生物、生物浸取/生物富集、生物铁工艺等新型磷回收技术,以及动物粪尿磷回收、污泥及肉骨焚烧灰回收磷与生物质磷回收技术.最后,以实例说明磷回收产物在农业和水产养殖业方面的尝试效果,并对磷回收未来技术发展趋势进行了宏观展望.     

Methane emissions during storage of di erent treatments from cattle manure in Tianjin

Many studies on methane emissions from animal manure have revealed that animal manure is a major source of methane emissions to the atmosphere that can have negative consequences for people, animals and environment. In general, the release of methane can be influenced by the type of feed taken by animals, temperature, manure characteristics and so on. This study aimed at quantifying and comparing methane release from dairy manure with di erent piling treatments. Four treatments were designed including manure piling height 30, 45, 60 cm and adding 6 cm manure every day until the piling height was 60 cm. Static chamber method and gas chromatography were adopted to measure the methane emissions from April to June in 2009. Methane emission rates of all four manure treatments were low in the first week and then increased sharply until reaching the peak values. Subsequently, all the methane emission rates decreased and fluctuated within the steady range till the end of the experiment. Wilcoxon nonparametric tests analysis indicated that methane emission rate was greatly influenced by manure piling height and manner. There were no significant relationships between methane emission rates and the temperatures of ambience and heap. However, regression analysis showed that the quadratic equations were found between emission rates of all treatments and the gas temperature in the barrels.     

矿物质组分对低品质生物质热解过程的影响

通过酸洗脱除低品质生物质（鸡粪与猪粪）中的矿物质组分,并使用热重分析仪对酸洗前后样品的热解行为进行了研究.结果表明,由于两种农林废物的有机组成和矿物质含量不同,导致其热解行为差异较大.鸡粪中含有大量的CaCO3,其在高温下分解放出CO2,并与鸡粪半焦中的碳发生气化反应.酸洗不但改变了禽畜粪便中矿物质的含量,而且改变了该...     

牛粪还田对土壤微生物群落特征的影响

畜禽粪便还田对土壤质量产生了深刻影响,而土壤微生物是反映土壤质量的敏感指标.基于稀释平板计数和高通量测序技术,研究了牛粪还田区土壤微生物群落特征及其影响因素.结果表明,与对照点相比,牛粪还田区土壤微生物群落β多样性发生了显著变化;牛粪还田增加了变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度,而减少了放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)的相对丰度;牛粪还田显著改变了土壤微生物群落中的鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、PLTA13属、MSB-4B10属、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、CCD24属、Gaiella属、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和Entotheonellaceae属的相对丰度;影响牛粪还田区土壤微生物群落组成的重要因素是土壤含水量和放线菌数量;牛粪还田增加了假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium)和链球菌属(Streptococcus)等病原菌的相对丰度,对土壤质量存在一定的生物污染风险.研究结果可为深入认识牛粪还田对土壤质量的...     

黄土及其他添加物对猪粪贮存过程氨气和温室气体排放的影响

畜禽粪肥在贮存阶段养分损失严重,是CO_2、CH_4、NH_3和N_2O等大气污染物的重要排放来源.本文采用室内培养方法,研究了添加黄土、秸秆、生物炭和膨润土对猪粪贮存过程中氨气及温室气体排放的影响.结果表明,添加10%用量的生物炭和膨润土处理的CO_2累积排放量与不添加任何添加物的猪粪对照相比分别降低了15.4%和20.9%,N_2O累积排放量分别降低了19.8%和37.6%.添加膨润土处理的NH_3损失量显著增加,但添加生物炭和膨润土处理的综合温室效应与猪粪对照相比均显著降低.添加10%秸秆处理的CH_4和NH_3累积排放量分别较猪粪对照降低了56.8%和95.8%,但其综合温室效应与对照相比差异不显著.模拟黄土垫圈过程添加黄土处理的氨气及温室气体累积排放量均显著降低,综合温室效应显著低于其他处理(p0.05).可见,黄土垫圈是保蓄粪肥碳、氮养分的有效措施,猪粪贮存阶段添加少量生物炭、膨润土对于减少粪肥综合温室效应具有积极作用.     

添加剂对牛粪堆肥不同阶段真菌群落演替的影响

为研究物理添加剂对牛粪堆肥过程中真菌群落结构的影响,以牛粪和小麦秸秆为原料,以生物炭、火山石作为添加剂,进行了为期30d的堆肥实验.结果表明,好氧发酵基本实现牛粪无害化和稳定化的要求.高通量测序结果显示,堆肥原料中Wallemia占主导地位,相对丰度达到86.85%;堆肥高温阶段,空白处理和火山石处理中Wallemia、Aspergillus为优势菌属,而生物炭处理中Scedosporium、Acremonium相对丰度较高;降温阶段,Mycothermus和Thermomyces占优势,添加生物炭的处理中Thermomyces的相对丰度较其他两个处理高.腐熟阶段,3个处理中Mycothermus的相对丰度均为最高,而火山石的添加增加了Remersonia及Trichosporon的相对丰度.Spearman相关性分析结果表明,牛粪堆肥过程中Mycothermus与GI、TN、TP、NH₄⁺-N、含水率、pH值、VS、脲酶显著相关（P<0.05）.本研究从真菌变化的角度,为牛粪好氧发酵机理研究与工艺优化提供参考.     

Investigation of physico-chemical properties and microbial community during poultry manure co-composting process

Co-composting of poultry manure and rubber wood sawdust was performed with the ratio of 2:1 (V/V) for a period of 60 days. An investigation was carried out to study the extracellular enzymatic activities and structural degradation utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microbial succession was also determined by using denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE). The compost was able to reach its highest temperature of 71°C at day 3 and stabilized between 30 and 40°C for 8 weeks. CMCase, FPase and β-glucosidase acted synergistically in order to degrade the cellulosic substrate. The xylanase activities increased gradually during the composting and reached the peak value of 11.637 U/g on day 35, followed by a sharp decline. Both LiP and MnP activities reached their peak values on day 35 with 0.431 and 0.132 U/g respectively. The FT-IR spectra revealed an increase in aromaticity and a decrease in aliphatic compounds such as carbohydrates as decomposition proceeded. TGA/DTG data exhibited significant changes in weight loss in compost samples, indicating degradation of organic matter. SEM micrographs showed higher amounts of parenchyma exposed on the surface of rubber wood sawdust at day 60, showing significant degradation. DGGE and 16S rDNA analyses showed that Burkholderia sp., Pandoraea sp., and Pseudomonas sp. were present throughout the composting process. Ornithinibacillus sp. and Castellaniella ginsengisoli were only found in the initial stage of the composting, while different strains of Burkholderia sp. also occurred in the later stage of composting.     

紫色土硝化势和氨氧化微生物群落对化肥和有机肥配施生物炭的响应

研究有机肥和化肥配施生物炭对紫色土硝化势和氨氧化微生物变化特征的影响,探明施肥措施和土壤环境因子对硝化势和氨氧化微生物的影响.以紫色土为研究对象,设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(F)、单施有机肥(P)、化肥配施生物炭(FP)和有机肥配施生物炭(PP)共5个处理.采取PCR和T-RFLP方法研究土壤AOA和AOB群落特征,同时测定土壤硝化势及环境因子,明确有机肥配施生物炭对紫色土硝化潜势的影响.结果表明：(1)与CK处理相比,FP和PP处理显著增加土壤硝化势(P<0.05).(2)与CK处理相比,F、 P、 FP和PP处理显著增加土壤AOA amoA基因拷贝数78.17%～162.22%(P<0.05),F、 FP和PP处理显著增加AOB amoA基因拷贝数21.56%～78.32%(P<0.05).(3)与CK处理相比,PP处理显著提高土壤AOA群落的Shannon指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数(P<0.05),而配施生物炭(FP和PP处理)能改变土壤AOB的群落结构.(4)化肥和有机肥通过改变pH、 TP、 AP、 C/N、 SOM、 NO^-...     

Cattle manure biochar and earthworm interactively affected CO2 and N2O emissions in agricultural and forest soils: Observation of a distinct difference

• Earthworms increase CO₂ and N₂O emissions in agricultural and forest soil. • 10% biochar suppresses CO₂ and N₂O emissions in forest soil. • Biochar interacted with earthworm to significant affect CO₂ and N₂O emissions. The application of manure-derived biochar offers an alternative to avoid the direct application of manure to soil causing greenhouse gas emission. Soil fauna, especially earthworms, can markedly stimulate carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from soil. This study therefore investigated the effect of cattle manure biochar (added at rates of 0, 2%, or 10%, coded as BC0, BC2 and BC10, respectively) application, with or without earthworm Aporrectodea turgida, on emissions of CO₂ and N₂O and changes of physic-chemical properties of agricultural and forest soils in a laboratory incubation experiment. The BC10 treatment significantly enhanced cumulative CO₂ emissions by 27.9% relative to the untreated control in the agricultural soil. On the contrary, the BC2 and BC10 treatments significantly reduced cumulative CO₂ emissions by 16.3%–61.1% and N₂O emissions by 92.9%–95.1% compared to the untreated control in the forest soil. The addition of earthworm alone significantly enhanced the cumulative CO₂ and N₂O fluxes in agricultural and forest soils. Cumulative CO₂ and N₂O fluxes were significantly increased when BC2 and BC10 were applied with earthworm in the agricultural soil, but were significantly reduced when BC10 was applied with earthworm in the forest soil. Our study demonstrated that biochar application interacted with earthworm to affect CO₂ and N₂O emissions, which were also dependent on the soil type involved. Our study suggests that manure biochar application rate and use of earthworm need to be carefully studied for specific soil types to maximize the climate change mitigation potential of such management practices.