山地城市水安全问题的思考

中国属多山地的国家,山地城市依山而建,因其特殊的地理位置、地质条件、地形地貌、气候水文等环境要素,构成了区别于平原城市的重要特征。水安全是全球关注的问题,通过分析我国山地城市水安全问题及影响因素,发现水安全问题日趋严峻,为了构建可持续发展的"人"、"山地"和"水"的和谐关系,需要尽快开展山地城市水安全的研究。     

资源型城市系统演化的涨落因子及其协同分析

资源型城市系统能否形成新的、有序的耗散结构主要依赖于系统中的随机涨落,而这种随机涨落的产生是由各种触发和激化因子决定的.分析了资源型城市系统演化过程中的内源激化因子和外源触发因子,探讨了它们之间的协同动力机制,找出了资源型城市系统演化的序参量是科技进步水平、政府宏观调控和国家对资源型城市的投资.     

我国西部中小城镇防震减灾管理体系研究

分析了我国西部中小城镇防震减灾管理现状,借鉴发达国家防震减灾管理的经验,构建了西部中小城镇防震减灾管理体系,包括防震减灾法律保障、行政监管、地震监测预报和预警、防震减灾计划、建筑物和生命线工程的抗震性能保证、防震减灾教育与培训、基层单位对震灾的预防、地震救援组织建设、震灾应急救援服务等彼此关联、相互作用的子系统。指出其建设重点应放在建筑物和生命线工程抗震性能保证、行政监管、防震减灾计划、防震教育培训和基层震灾预防等方面。提出了深化西部中小城镇建设管理体制改革、提高防震减灾社会管理与公共服务水平、加强地震灾害应急救援体系建设等对策和建议。研究成果的运用将有助于增强西部中小城镇的防震减灾管理能力。     

Walking to school: Community design and child and parent barriers

The roles of community design and parent and child perceptions of walkability to school are tested for associations with walking in three communities: a walkable new urbanist community, a mixed community (standard suburban community where the walk to school traversed part of the new urbanist community), and less walkable standard suburban community. Perceived environmental barriers to walking to school are measured and compared for fifth graders (n = 193) and their parents (n = 177). Results showed that children and parents often agreed on walking barriers, except an interaction showed that — in the less walkable community — parents perceived worse barriers than did their children. Perceptions of barriers increased from walkable, to mixed, to less walkable communities. Students walked more when they attended the school in the walkable community, they lived near school, parents and children perceived fewer barriers to walking, and children had lower BMI scores, net of demographic controls. Thus the walk to school is embedded within multiple types of supports, all of which should be addressed to encourage walking to school.     

A preliminary assessment of socio-ecological metabolism for three neighborhoods within a rust belt urban ecosystem

Rust belt cities of the northeastern United States are plagued by flat or declining economies and the accompanying social fallout from lack of employment. Advocates of green fuels, green infrastructure and green jobs have proposed these nature-based technologies as means to revitalize the economies of cities. Before making public and private investment a baseline analysis of the relative magnitude of existing energy production and energy respiration at the neighborhood scale is useful in order to understand what the potential for green infrastructure might be. Because the urban canopy and other green infrastructure can enhance urban socio-ecological metabolism, we measured the flows of natural energy produced (P) by the urban forest versus the industrial or fossil energy currently consumed or respired (R) in three economically and demographically distinct neighborhoods of a typical rust-belt city, Syracuse, NY. Our objectives were to (1) understand the potential for green energy to replace fossil fuels in general, (2) assess the degree to which different socio-demographic communities are receiving the ecosystem benefits of existing urban “green” infrastructure (i.e. forest primary production), and (3) identify where local (in-city) biotic energy resources could be enhanced or fossil fuel consumption altered to improve overall urban socio-ecological metabolism. We found that (1) the fossil energy consumed in all three neighborhoods was 200-700 times higher than the biotic “green” energy produced; (2) that to produce this much energy from willow biomass grown in the region would require at least between 0.3 and 0.7 ha of bio-energy production per person depending on affluence, density of living, transportation mix and home fuel mix; (3) that although the more affluent neighborhood used, per residence and per person, almost twice as much energy as that of the downtown more densely settled and poorer neighborhood, its R:P ratio was still the lowest due to the high primary productivity of its neighborhood tree canopy. As a first assessment our findings identify several opportunities for enhancement of the socio-ecological metabolism of these neighborhoods, and the city at large, through conversion of heating units in poorer neighborhoods away from expensive electricity, and toward tree planting, solar installations, and per capita energy use reductions.     

我国北方城市暴雨灾害演化过程及风险分析

提出一种基于灾害演化网络的风险分析方法,针对城市暴雨灾害的演化过程进行了风险分析。利用复杂网络理论构建北方城市暴雨灾害演化网络模型,将危机事件分为三个等级,并探讨了事件级别和出入度的关系;分析城市暴雨灾害链演化特点和暴雨危机事件后果蔓延规律,得到关键危机事件和演化链。结果表明,交通堵塞是我国北方城市暴雨灾害系统中关键危机事件;暴雨灾害演化系统存在短链、长直链和循环链三种结构,其中循环链中的危机事件互为因果,可自行激化,是灾害演化网络控制的关键结构。     

基于层次分析法的化工城市致灾因子研究

以灾害学、城市管理理论为指导,用层次分析法(AHP)为分析决策工具,选定涉及化工城市安全的17个致灾因子,得出了地震灾害、化学事故、环境污染事故及恐怖袭击是危及化工城市安全的4个关键因子。指出原发性或继发性化学事故以及由此产生的次生、衍生灾害将是化工城市面临的最大危机,并提出了对策措施。     

矿业城市实现可持续发展的实证分析－－以山东省矿业城市为例

发展非主业经营 ,进行产业替代 ,实现二次创业是矿业企业持续发展的必然选择。同时 ,与矿业经济密切联系的城市经济通过结构调整 ,实施产业结构多元化和城市经济一体化是实现矿业城市可持续发展和持久繁荣的普遍规律。本文通过对山东省矿业城市的实证研究证实了上述结论。     

中国适宜人居城市研究与评价

本文认为中国适宜人居城市至少应在城市经济发展水平、经济发展潜力、社会安全保障条件、生态环境水平、市民生活质量水平和市民生活便捷程度6个方面来体现，并据此设计的中国适宜人居城市评价指标体系，对我国50城市的适宜人居水平进行测度和排序分析。计算结果表明，在我国50个城市中，深圳、广州、北京、上海、北海是适宜人居的前5名城市，西宁、贵阳、湛江、武汉、兰州、重庆是适宜人居的后5名城市。     

资源型城市碳排放效率评价及其政策启示

基于资源型城市面临经济转型与节能减排的双重压力,本文采用三阶段超效率SBM模型,实证测度了2004—2019年中国114个资源型城市碳排放效率,并利用Dagum基尼系数、核密度估计、QAP回归分析等方法对效率差异、时空演变以及差异来源进行探讨。研究表明：（1）剔除环境因素和随机干扰后,资源型城市碳排放效率均值降至0.230,但整体呈现上升趋势。（2）碳排放效率高值区集中于再生型与成熟型城市,分布较为分散;低值区则主要为成长型与衰退型城市,并于东北、中部等地区呈现集聚性特征。（3）资源型城市碳排放效率差异较大,其中,组间差异贡献率最高,但呈现下降趋势;再生型和成熟型城市组内差异相对稳定,成长型和衰退型城市组内差异逐渐扩大。（4）人口密度、居民可支配收入和规模企业数量差异会显著扩大资源型城市碳排放效率差异,而且人口密度、人口结构以及居民可支配收入差异对不同类型资源型城市碳排放效率差异呈现显著的异质性影响。基于分析结果,本文提出三点政策启示：一是依据资源型城市类型,采取因地制宜的减排方案;二是增加低碳创新投入,促进产业绿色转型;三是推广绿色消费方式,加强居民端减排。