高负荷活性污泥法应用于中小城市污水处理的研究

针对目前二级城市污水处理厂工程投资高、运行费用高的特点,提出适合中小城市污水处理的工艺——高负荷活性污泥法（HAS）。该工艺不设初次沉淀池,负荷高,泥龄短,污泥沉降性能良好,不存在污泥膨胀,对有机物的去除以絮凝、吸附、沉淀作用为主,对COD、BOD,、SS都有较高的去除效果,对氮、磷有一定的去除作用,出水水质可满足《农田灌溉水质标准》的要求。     

Temporal and spatial characteristics of PM2.5 transport fluxes of typical inland and coastal cities in China

Local pollution and the cross-boundary transmission of pollutants between cities have an inevitable impact on the atmosphere. Quantitative assessments of the contribution of transport to pollution in inland and coastal cities are necessary for the implementation of practical, regional, and joint emission control strategies. In this study, the Comprehensive Air Quality Model (CAMx), together with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), was used to simulate the contributions to pollution of different cities in 2016. The monthly inflow, outflow, and net flux from the ground to the extended layers served as the three main indicators for the analysis of the interactions of PM_2.5 transport between adjacent cities. Between inland and coastal cities, the magnitude of inflow and outflow are larger in the former than in the latter. The inflow flux in the inland cities (Beijing and Shijiazhuang) was 10.6 and 10.7 kt/day, respectively, while that in the coastal cities (Tianjin, Shanghai, Hefei, Nanjing, and Hangzhou) was 9.1, 3.3, 5.8, 4.4, and 3.7 kt/day, respectively. In terms of variation over the year, the strongest inflow in the BTH region occurred in April, followed by October, July, and January, while that in the coastal cities in YRD occurred in January, followed by October, April, and July. Therefore, based on the flux intensity calculations and the transport flux pathways, effective joint control measures can be provided with scientific support, and a better understanding of the evolutionary mechanism among inland and coastal cities can be acquired.     

珠江三角洲城市雨水的化学组成及其成因探讨

于2005—2007年间,基于降水过程监测分析了广州市和珠海市雨水的化学组成。结果表明,广州市雨水的pH值变化于3.32~7.03之间,平均值为4.35,众数约为4.15。珠海市雨水的pH值变化于3.38~6.49之间,平均值为4.51。雨水pH值随降水强度的减弱而降低,这决定于大气中水汽与酸性气体的接触时间。珠江三角洲城市雨水中所含主要离子依次是SO42-、NO3-、NH4＋、Ca2＋、Cl-。雨水的酸化与降水过程密切相关。降雨初期雨水比中后期雨水的pH值高,揭示降雨初期大气中的粉尘颗粒有效中和雨水的酸度。多天连续降水天气对大气尘埃的清洗作用明显,但是持续的SO2和NOx排放更容易使雨水酸化。滨海城市降水初期雨水的电导率上升较快（可以从小于1μS.cm-1上升到20~30μS.cm-1）,随着降水时间的延长雨水的电导率以较慢的速率上升。     

考虑环境约束的中国资源型城市全要素能源效率及其差异研究

论文采用考虑非期望产出的SBM模型测算了考虑环境约束的中国资源型城市全要素能源效率,并对全要素能源效率差异进行分解研究.研究发现:第一,多数资源型城市处于非效率状态,不同类别城市间效率差异明显,并且这种差异并未随时间明显改善;第二,按区域分组,区域内差异是造成全要素能源效率总体差异的主因,其中,中部区域组内差异是造成总体差异的最重要因素;第三,按规划综合分类分组,各群组内部差异是造成总体差异的主因,其中,成熟型组内差异是造成总体差异的最重要因素;第四,按资源类型分组,各群组内部差异是造成总体差异的主因,其中,煤炭类组内差异与综合类组内差异是造成总体差异最为重要的前两位因素.在研究结果的基础上,论文探讨了相关的含义.     

我国城市PM2.5污染的健康风险及经济损失评价

开展大样本城市的空气污染造成人群健康风险及经济损失研究,对于推进空气污染的防控与区域合作治理、公众健康素养提升具有重要意义.本文以我国62个环保重点监测城市为样本,运用环境健康风险与环境价值评估方法,对2015年PM_(2.5)污染引发的健康风险及经济损失进行评价,结果表明PM_(2.5)污染造成约12.51万人早逝[95%CI(置信区间):3.33~20.59万人]及1 009.59万人次患病、门诊和住院(95%CI:470.38~1 501.93万人次),占这些城市市区总人口的3.53%(95%CI:1.64%~5.26%).造成经济损失5 705.57亿元(95%CI:1 930.82~8 742.14亿元),占这些城市GDP总和的1.53%(95%CI:0.52%~2.35%),人均经济损失1 970元(95%CI:667~3 018元).四大城市群中,京津冀在健康风险、健康经济损失及其占GDP比重、人均损失方面均高于长三角、珠三角及东北.三大经济区中,东部的健康风险及经济损失高于中部与西部,三地的人均经济损失差别不大.南北方的经济损失相差很小,但北方的经济损失占GDP比重与人均损失均远高于南方.保定、郑州、济南、北京等市PM_(2.5)浓度很高,健康风险与经济损失问题突出.     

内蒙古自治区国家环保重点城市近五年环境空气质量现状研究

本文通过对呼和浩特市、包头市、赤峰市3个国家环保重点城市近五年的环境空气质量监测结果的整理统计,分析、评价了呼和浩特市、包头市、赤峰市的环境空气质量现状及主要污染物的变化趋势,结果表明：与2005年相比,呼和浩特市、包头市、赤峰市的空气质量均有明显改善。     

辽宁省沿海城市自然灾害脆弱性评价

文章以辽宁省沿海六市为研究对象,在广泛借鉴国内外灾害脆弱性评价的指标体系与评价模型的基础上,选取自然、经济、人口和环境设施等评价指标,构建沿海城市自然灾害脆弱性评价指标体系,并运用模糊综合评价法进行脆弱性评价。结果表明:葫芦岛市、锦州市、丹东市为高脆弱区;营口市为中脆弱区;盘锦市和大连市为低脆弱区。本文研究对沿海城市脆弱性防范有一定借鉴意义。     

焚烧飞灰熔融过程重金属迁移特性中试研究

通过中试试验研究垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程重金属Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni的迁移特性,着重研究重金属在熔渣中的固化效果,考察了温度（1 290℃、1 320℃、1 360 ℃）、助熔剂（10 %的玻璃粉）、冷却方式（水冷、空冷）对重金属固定率的影响.结果表明,温度的提高使Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni的固定率都有一定的提高;加入10%的玻璃粉使各种重金属的固定率都有显著提高,只有Zn例外;对Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni,空气冷却方式下的重金属固定率比水冷方式下的高.     

组合人工湿地处理工业园区污水厂尾水的中试研究

在巢湖流域水环境治理中,依托工业园区污水厂,进行了组合人工湿地处理工业园区污水厂尾水的中试研究。介绍了工艺流程和设计参数,运行结果表明,整个处理系统运行稳定,对COD、NH4+-N和TP的平均去除率分别为65.5%、75.5%和49.2%,其中一级潜流湿地对各污染物的去除贡献率最高。系统出水COD、氨氮、总磷基本达到了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)中的Ⅴ类水标准。此外还利用GC/MS初步对系统进出水进行了有机物组分分析,结果表明尾水中含有除草剂及农药中间体等难降解有机物,组合人工湿地对这些物质有一定去除效果。     

Characterizing ionic species in PM2:5 and PM10 in four Pearl River Delta cities, South China

PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)samples were collected at four major cities in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),South China,during winter and summer in 2002.Six water-soluble ions,Na~ ,NH_4~ ,K~ ,Cl~-,NO_3~- and SO_4~(2-)were measured using ion chromatography.On average,ionic species accounted for 53.3% and 40.5% for PM_(2.5)and PM_(10),respectively in winter and 39.4% and 35.2%,respectively in summer. Secondary ions such as sulfate,nitrate and ammonium accounted for the major part of the total ionic species.Sulfate was the most abundant species followed by nitrate.Overall,a regional pollution tendency was shown that there were higher concentrations of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in Guangzhou City than those in the other PRD cities.Significant seasonal variations were also observed with higher levels of species in winter but lower in summer.The Asian monsoon system was favorable for removal and diffusion of air pollutants in PRD in summer while highly loading of local industrial emissions tended to deteriorate the air quality as well.NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-) ratio indicated that mobile sources have considerably contribution to the urban aerosol,and stationary sources should not be neglected. Besides the primary emissions,complex atmospheric reactions under favorable weather conditions should be paid more attention for the control of primary emission in the PRD region.