甲胺磷农药污染对土壤动物影响的研究

应用甲胺磷农药对土壤动物进行污染模拟实验。结果表明,甲胺磷农药对土壤动物有明显影响,并随着甲胺磷溶液处理浓度的增加,土壤动物的种类和数量显著减少;多样性系数,高处理浓度时为３．７５９６,低处理浓度时为５．７９６２,对照组则为８．５７１４。大型土壤动物蚯蚓的染毒实验表明。甲胺磷对蚯蚓有明显的致死作用。     

应用PSB处理乳品厂废水的试验研究

采用炭渣填料固定PSB混合菌膜技术,对乳品厂废水处理进行试验研究?阐述了工艺流程?工艺参数及效果分析?结果表明,出水各项指标均达到排放标准?CODCr,BOD5,SS,S2-,油类去除率分别为97%,98%,96%,86%,88%?      

啤酒废水的生物净化与利用研究

以啤酒废水为主的城市污水,通过多级模拟生物净化系统,污水中的有机污染物得到明显转换和去除． Ｂ Ｏ Ｄ５ 、 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ、 Ｎ、 Ｐ等污染指标去除率在７９ ．４５ ％ ～９９ ．７０ ％ 之间．随水质的改变,藻类的种类、数量、生物量、叶绿素含量及多样性指数不断上升,清洁种类逐渐增多．在净化后的污水中,鱼虾优质饵料生物—大型蚤数量ｎ达２３４ Ｌ－ １ ,即平均有２ ．６７ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的 Ｃ、０ ．６２ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的 Ｎ、０ ．０９ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的 Ｐ转移到蚤体中．相关分析表明,大型蚤食量与加入藻的量呈正相关关系,与剩余藻的量呈负相关关系．     

Conservation and management-oriented ecological research in the coastal zone of Baja California, Mexico

This paper presents the main results of two studies of contrasting natural and man-induced conditions along the Pacific coast of Baja California (Mexico), based on the assumption that ecological insight can be obtained from man-induced modifications insofar as relevant activities are explicitly addressed as parts of the systems under study. The study is concerned with a fragmented coastal succulent-sage scrub and showed that several patches of different size and age may harbor as many species as non-fragmented areas, and that 83% of the original species assemblage persisted in the fragments, in which the invasion by opportunistic exotic species may not progress beyond certain limits. The study of dune-backed and urban-backed beaches showed a significantly greater abundance of the Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) at the dune-backed beach, where a much more active back-shore feeding of adult birds and the only evidences of breeding occurred. Both studies refer to landscape features of regional concern and its results may be used in conservation management. The results on fragmented coastal succulentsage scrub may encourage alternative urban designs that keep patches of the original landscape, thus meeting existing requirements of low density urban development for most of the coastal succulent-sage scrub area. The evidence presented on the negative effects of dune destruction on the abundance, feeding and reproductive performance of a threatened bird species has a bearing on the topic of biodiversity management. It may also contribute to the conservation of the coastal dunes system.     

飞行器隔热瓦1200℃性能测试中接触热阻影响仿真与验证

目的 建立统一的飞行器隔热材料性能测试标准。方法 利用数值方法对飞行器隔热瓦1 200℃热环境性能测试中的传热模型进行计算。设计3种不同热导率和表面粗糙度的绝热材料隔热性能对比试验。在考虑接触面间凹凸点完全接触导热、接触间隙介质导热和相邻界面辐射传热联合作用时,能够获得与实测数据基本一致的计算结果。结果 试验证明,接触热阻是导致实测数据与理想传热结果相悖的主要原因。获得了接触热阻条件下热扩散系数随传热过程的变化关系,定量得到了相同测试条件下给定的3种不同热导率与粗糙度底部绝热材料对隔热性能测试结果的影响。结论 测试结果存在较大偏差的主要原因是表面粗糙度所致,两接触面在高温条件下更有利于热流传播。研究结果可为飞行器热防护系统设计与性能考核试验方案的确定提供重要参考依据。     

氧化聚合型包覆技术（OTC）在热带海洋大气环境螺栓中的应用

目的 研究氧化聚合型技术(OTC)在热带海洋大气环境中对高强螺栓的防护效果。方法 在三亚大气腐蚀试验站开展OTC包覆和未保护的高强螺栓6 a的大气曝晒试验,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和激光共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)开展腐蚀形貌和成分分析,通过质量损失试验考察OTC包覆和未保护的高强螺栓的腐蚀行为。结果 未经保护的螺栓表面生成大量棕红色的腐蚀产物,XRD分析表明,其主要成分为α-Fe OOH、β-Fe OOH、γ-Fe OOH、Fe3O4和Fe₂O₃等,其中β-Fe OOH晶体结构中含有Cl–,会加速基体腐蚀。经LSCM分析,螺栓垫片整体呈全面腐蚀状态,但同时发生局部腐蚀,最深的点蚀坑达120μm以上。经OTC技术保护的高强螺栓,仅在底部出现少量棕色物质,大部分仍呈现原有的黑色基体表面,OTC包覆螺栓6 a的腐蚀速率约为未保护螺栓的腐蚀速率1/15,OTC包覆垫片表面未出现明显腐蚀。结论 氧化聚合型包覆技术显著降低了高强螺栓的腐蚀速率,具有优良的耐腐蚀性能,在热带海洋大气环境对高强螺栓起到良好的长...     

Transport and biodegradation of creosote compounds in clayey till, a field experiment

The transport and biodegradation of 12 organic compounds (toluene, phenol, o-cresol, 2,6-, 3,5-dimethylphenol, naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran, indole, acridine, and quinoline) were studied at a field site located on the island of Funen, Denmark, where a clayey till 10–15 m deep overlies a sandy aquifer. The upper 4.8 m of till is highly fractured and the upper 2.5 m contains numerous root and worm holes. A 1.5–2 m thick sand lens is encountered within the till at a depth of 4.8 m. Sampling points were installed at depths of 2.5 m, 4 m, and in the sand lens (5.5 m) to monitor the downward migration of a chloride tracer and the organic compounds. Water containing organic compounds and chloride was infiltrated into a 4 m×4.8 m basin at a rate of 8.8 m³ day⁻¹ for 7 days. The mass of naphthalene relative to chloride was 0.39–0.98 for the sampling points located at a depth of 2.5 m, 0.11–0.61 for the sampling points located at a depth of 4 m, and 0–0.02 for the sampling points located in the sand lens. A similar pattern was observed for eight organic compounds for which reliable results were obtained (toluene, phenol, o-cresol, 2,6-, 3,5-dimethylphenol, 1-methylnaphthalene, benzothiophene, and quinoline). This shows that the organic compounds were attenuated during the downward migration through the till despite the high infiltration rate. The attenuation process may be attributed to biodegradation.     

基于观测的大气气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子模型研究 ——以2006 CAREBeijing加强观测为例

在2006年北京加强观测期间,以颗粒物－液体转换采集系统(PILS)测量的气溶胶各可溶性离子组分的质量浓度、颗粒物分级采样器(MOUDI)测量的各可溶性离子组分及有机碳(OC)、碳黑(EC)的分级质量谱分布为基础,对离子组分的可能存在形态进行判断,计算了化学组分质量浓度及各化学物种的粒径数谱浓度;利用Mie模型及各化学物种的密度、折射率、吸湿粒径增长因子等参数计算得到外混、内混的粒子群在干燥状态、不同相对湿度下的散射系数,最终计算得到不同化学组分外混、内混状态下的散射吸湿增长因子;将模型模拟的气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子与观测得到的该因子进行对比,发现模拟值与观测值能够在一定误差范围内吻合,实现了该因子的闭合实验.     

人工湿地系统中填充基质对磷的吸附能力

人工湿地中填充基质对磷的吸附、沉淀作用是湿地系统的主要除磷机制,探明基质对磷的吸附能力对人工湿地系统设计至关重要. 分别利用吸附试验和柱吸附试验考察了宝钢钢渣、首钢钢渣、水淬渣和陶粒4种基质对磷的吸附能力,同时进行了浸出液毒性鉴别试验. 吸附试验表明,基质对磷的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型(R2为0.956～0.989),采用Langmuir模型预测的基质磷吸附量为2.274～3.637 mg/g. 在为期144 d的柱吸附试验中,填充宝钢钢渣和首钢钢渣的试验柱对磷有良好的去除效果,而填充水淬渣和陶粒的试验柱在90 d左右达到吸附饱和状态.在试验期内,基质的累积磷吸附量:宝钢钢渣为7.921 mg/g,首钢钢渣为7.495 mg/g,水淬渣3.317mg/g,陶粒为1.627 mg/g. 浸出液毒性鉴别试验表明,4种基质均有较高的环境安全性,由于2种钢渣和水淬渣具有较高的磷去除效率和便宜的价格,在湿地系统中具有广泛的应用价值.      

不同通风模式下地铁站毒气扩散的实地试验

为全面了解通风系统对地铁站内有毒气体扩散的影响,以北京某地铁站为研究对象,开展了全尺寸实地扩散试验.采用三维超声波风速仪对机械通风和应急通风下的站内流场进行监测,分析其气流组织形式;采用六氟化硫(SF6)释放,时序采集和离线检测的方法,研究重气的扩散与沉降,为疏散路径规划提供建议.结果表明,应急模式下各监测点的风速更大...