大气污染总量控制GA方法对气象因子的敏感性

通过数值模拟试验,研究了基于遗传算法(GA)的大气污染总量控制方法对风向、风速、稳定度三个最重要的气象因子的敏感性。结果表明,用基于遗传算法的大气污染总量控制方法所求得的区域允许排放总量以及允许排放总量在各污染源之间的分配方案,对风向、风速、稳定度三个气象因子都敏感,从而验证了该方法的稳定性和可靠性。     

平板膜-生物反应器工程化应用研究

为了加快平板膜-生物反应器的工程化应用步伐,以上海白龙港水质净化厂400 t/d的示范工程为依托,对平板膜-生物反应器的污染物去除效果、膜污染情况和清洗效果等进行了研究。平板膜-生物反应器的出水COD在20 mg/L左右,浊度小于5 NTU,氨氮小于5 mg/L,基本满足杂用水水质标准（GB/T18920-2002）,可以回用作厂区内冲厕和绿化用水等。正交实验结果表明,对在线清洗效果影响较大的因素是曝气量和清洗点的跨膜压力,影响较小的是清洗时间;跨膜压力为45 kPa,停抽时间为2 h,曝气量为100 m3/h为在线清洗的最佳操作条件。     

土壤理化特性对冬季菜地N2O排放的影响

选取7种具有10 a以上种植史的菜地土壤,通过室外盆栽试验研究施尿素条件下影响冬季菜地N2O排放的主要土壤因素.结果表明,不同土壤间N2O排放具有显著差异.对照菜地的季节性N2O-N排放总量为2.74～4.37 mg·盆-1,排放量与土壤本底的铵态氮、硝态氮含量及pH值呈弱线性相关.施尿素不仅促进了N2O的排放,而且加大了土壤间N2O排放的差异,季节性排放总量为6.39～29.38 mg·盆-1.与2000-2001年麦田相比,虽然菜地施尿素量低于麦地,但是N2O排放量无明显减少,菜地和麦地土壤的N2O排放均与土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量、C/N比值呈显著负相关.此外,施尿素菜地的N2O排放与土壤粘粒含量呈显著负相关,与土壤砂粒含量呈显著正相关.进一步研究表明,化肥氮的N2O-N转化系数主要受土壤碳、氮含量的影响.     

New insights in analysing parasitoid attracting synomones: early volatile emission and use of stir bar sorptive extraction

Summary. It is well known that feeding by Pieris brassicae caterpillars on cabbage leaves triggers the release of volatiles that attract natural antagonists such as the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata. The temporal dynamics in the emissions of parasitoid attracting volatiles has never been elucidated in this system. In a time course experiment, caterpillar infested leaves attracted the parasitoid within one hour after infestation. At such an early stage of infestation, as much as fifty percent of the parasitoids flew towards the infested plant in a wind tunnel bioassay, while only five percent flew towards the non-infested control plant. Three hours after infestation and later, the response to the volatiles from the infested plant reached its maximum and then continued at a constantly high level for the remaining 14 hours of the experiment. Chemical analyses of volatiles collected from infested leaves at short time intervals during the first 24 hours identified a total of ten compounds, comprising green leaf volatiles, terpenoids, and a nitrile. Significant increase of emission within the first 5 hours following initial herbivory was detected for (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, cineole and benzylcyanide. Subsequently, a coupled bioassay-chemical analysis procedure was developed allowing for testing and analyzing the same sample for future identification of the bioactive compounds. This was achieved by using stir bar sorptive extraction for the analysis of solvent extracts of caterpillar-damaged leaves.     

Degradation of chemical alarm cues under natural conditions: risk assessment by larval woodfrogs

Summary. Many aquatic species use chemosensory information to assess predation risk. The cues used in such risk assessment can come either from the predator (predator odour) or from injured prey (alarm cues). The information conveyed through chemicals may, however, be inaccurate both spatially and temporally, as chemicals may persist in the environment long after the predator is gone. Thus, the level of accuracy of the cues for risk assessment may depend on the persistency of the chemicals in the habitat. Here, we investigated the persistency of alarm cues of a larval amphibian, the woodfrog (Rana sylvatica) in a ephemeral pond, their natural habitat. We introduced either alarm cues or control water in enclosed sleeves (~10 L) installed in the pond. The sleeve water was then sampled after 5 min and every two hours for eight hours. We used the behavioural response of woodfrog tadpoles to alarm cues as a bioassay to assess how long the alarm cues persisted in the environment. We found that tadpoles responded with an antipredator response to the pond water containing alarm cues 5 min after the injection of the cues in the sleeves but did not respond to that same pond water after two hours. Our results indicate that biodegradation and/or photodegradation of alarm cues in natural habitats might occur relatively quickly as the loss of a response to the cues in our experiment was independent of a dilution effect. This contrasts with previous laboratory results indicating that chemicals may be active after several hours.     

Substitutability, experience, and the value disparity: evidence from the marketplace

Recent empirical evidence suggests that important disparities exist between willingness to pay and compensation demanded for the same good. These results, which clearly contradict closely held economic doctrines, have led some influential commentators to call for an entirely new economic paradigm to displace conventional neoclassical theory. This study examines the generality of these experimental findings by going to a well-functioning marketplace and examining more than 350 individual decisions across two incentive-compatible elicitation mechanisms. The data suggest that behavior of individuals with intense experience approaches neoclassical predictions: any observed WTA/WTP disparity amongst this group is negligible.     

蔗渣碱法造纸制浆黑液资源化治理工业试验

通过工业性运行试验 ,验证“蔗渣碱法造纸制浆黑液资源化处理”项目工艺路线在工业过程中的可行性、工艺设备的可靠性、纸产品以及黑液处理回收产品的产量、质量及其工艺的稳定性 ;得出资源化回收产品产率、质量等工业实验数据 ,为项目产业化实施提供设计依据     

贵州麻江马尾松天然中龄林施肥研究

采用正交设计法对贵州麻江马尾松天然中龄林进行施肥试验，结果表明，施肥对林木生长具有良好的效果．至第７年，单株材积平均为对照的１３２．３％；所施元素中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ对单株材积均有很大影响，且都达到０．１以上显著水平；而施Ｐ的自第４年至第７年均有良好的反应，其中以Ｐ２的效果最好；施肥的最优化组合为Ｎ２Ｐ２Ｋ２．     

地表水中Cr6+测定过程的改进

介绍了地表水监测分析中对Cr6 测定方法的改进,通过活性炭吸附预处理后的水样消除水样中色度的干扰,并对活性炭的用量进行了分析,确定了活性炭的用量,以及对显色剂的改进.对基层监测站Cr6 测定有实际意义.     

铁炭法处理高浓度难降解表面活性剂废水的研究

就铁炭法对高浓度难降解拉开粉(阴离子表面活性剂)废水的处理效果进行了接近工业化的动态模型实验研究,结果表明酸化铁炭工艺对橡胶工业拉开粉废水具有显著的去除效果.在Fe:C=2:1,pH=4,停留时间60 min,曝气量0.1 m3/h时,拉开粉(BX)和COD的总去除率分别约为80%和45%.