Microbiological reduction of hexavalent chromium by indigenous chromium-resistant bacteria in sand column experiments

Indigenous bacteria that are resistant to high concentrations of Cr(VI) were isolated from a Cr-contaminated sediment. Sand column experiments were conducted using the isolated bacteria to investigate microbial effects on Cr(VI) reduction in open systems that simulated subsurface conditions. The indigenous Cr-resistant bacteria appeared to reduce Cr(VI) in the column experiments. When 12 mg/L of Cr(VI) was injected into the columns, the removal efficiencies of Cr(VI) by the isolated bacteria were 39.1%, 62.5%, and 63.6% at 24, 48, and 72 h retention times of Cr(VI) solution, respectively. These results imply that the linear velocity of groundwater or pore water should be less than 0.63 cm/h for effective removal of Cr(VI) in subsurface conditions. In comparison, the noninoculated control column did not show a significant variation in dissolved Cr(VI) concentration. The results indicated that reduction of Cr(VI) was occurring in the column due to the activity of the indigenous bacteria.     

Immobilising of Cd,Pb, and Zn contaminated arable soils close to a former Pb/Zn smelter: a field study in Austria over 5 years

Numerous smelter sites are surrounded by rural land. The entrance of non-essential metals such as lead or cadmium into the food chain is very likely as well as phytotoxicity effects of zinc. Finding a realistic solution for these large-scale contaminations was one aim of this study. Previous results from pot experiments showed a high potential for the reduction of metals entering the food chain via crops grown on smelter-contaminated soils from Arnoldstein, Austria, by the use of amendments for immobilisation. A further aim was to optimise a field experiment for overcoming the gap between pot and field experiments and to look for long-term efficiency of the treatments [lime (CA), red mud (RM), gravel sludge + red mud (GS + RM)]. Field experiment results were obtained for 5 years. Besides soil and soil pore water samples, the following harvests were yielded: spring barley (Hordeum distichon ssp. L.) (2004–2005), narrowleaf plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) (2006–2007) and velvet grass (Holcus lanatus L.) (2007–2008). The long-term efficiency of GS + RM led us to conclude that their application seems to be a realistic and practical measure for extensively contaminated land, best in combination with metal excluding cultivars.     

Preparation,characterization of sludge adsorbent and investigations on its removal of hydrogen sulfide under room temperature

To recycle the sludge resource from sewage treatment plants and solve the problem of odor pollution, the sludge was converted into an adsorbent by carbonized pyrolysis and the process was optimized by orthogonal experiments. The capability for odor removal as well as the structure of the adsorbent was studied with H₂S as a target pollutant. The results indicate that the main factor affecting the deodorization performance of the adsorbent is the activating time. The sludge adsorbent sample SAC1 prepared under optimum conditions exhibits the best deodorization performance with a H₂S breakthrough time of 58 min and an iodine value nearly that of the coal activated carbon. The breakthrough time of H₂S is much longer than that on the coal activated carbon. On the other hand, characterization results from X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques show that SAC1 is composed of mainly graphite carbon with lower oxygen content on the surface. The bulk of SAC1 exhibits a honeycomb structure with well developed porosity and a high specific surface area of 120.47 m²·g^-1, with the average pore diameter being about 5 nm. Such a structure is in favor of H₂S adsorption. Moreover, SAC1 is detected to contain various metal elements such as Zn, Fe, Mg, etc., leading to a superior deodorization property to that of coal activated carbon.     

紧急疏散路径选择行为的实验研究

通过可控的人群疏散实验来分析紧急情况下的人群疏散规律。实验选取了建筑物出口位置、出口宽度设置作为实验变量开展。主要关注的参数有疏散时间和疏散速度。疏散人群在实验中自行选择认为最合适的路线。实验结果指出,在紧急情况下出口的距离和宽度共同影响了疏散的整体效率和疏散过程中的拥挤程度。女性的疏散行为值得关注,并且行人在疏散过程中,是分阶段决策疏散路径的,在仿真模型中可通过局部路径规划算法实现。疏散场景的布局对疏散效率的提高有较大影响,单纯增加局部出口的宽度以及缩短疏散路径对于提高整体疏散效率帮助不大。本研究成果对疏散模型的改进以及建筑设计有一定的指导意义。     

Rural residents and choice of building earthquake-resistant house: results of a choice experiment study

Rural settlements, especially in developing countries, are disproportionally vulnerable to natural hazards due to both biophysical and social vulnerability. Building hazard-resistant houses requires a thorough understanding of hazards and institutional and financial resources. However, it is equally important for planners and policymakers to know how rural residents make the tradeoff between various housing attributes when provided with the resources such as low-interest housing construction loans. In this study, we use a choice experiment (CE) to examine rural households' preference for earthquake resistance when building houses. A total of 300 households from randomly selected villages in central districts of Guilan Province in Iran were recruited for a CE study in which they had to choose between a number of houses that differed in terms of the required construction loan, resistance to earthquakes, size, and exterior and interior designs. Our results show that the average resident preferred larger houses with better exterior and interior designs to more earthquake-resistant houses, and is willing to spend more on these attributes than earthquake safety. These results indicate that rural households are willing to receive loans to improve their houses but that this does not translate into more earthquake-resistant houses.     

新型重力热管换热性能的研究

对一种新型重力热管进行可视化实验,观察热管工作时的最佳流型,并记录此流型下的工况参数。实验表明,重复实验结果数据基本吻合。并且对管内速度场进行数值模拟研究,通过分析模拟出的速度矢量图,建立本文结构冷凝段的数学模型。     

基于CFD及正交试验的工作面流场参数优化

采空区注氮是一种常用的采空区防灭火及治理遗煤自燃的措施,与采空区瓦斯抽采及工作面通风相似,均会对整个工作面及采空区流场产生影响,为了实现工作面及采空区生产安全性及经济性最优化,对进风量、采空区流管总量、流管高度、流管间距、注氮量 、注氮位置六因素进行正交试验,借助数值模拟软件对正交试验确定的方案进行三维流场模拟,根据模糊数学相关理论选择模糊优选评价指标及指标权重,对所得结果进行优选,得到所有因素的最优解,进而得到优组合。实现采空区注氮、瓦斯抽采及工作面通风参数优化。     

印染废水回用的反渗透预处理技术

针对印染废水回用时水中有机物浓度、盐度和色度高等问题,以苏南某污水处理厂中试试验基地(70%以上为印染废水)二级生化出水为研究对象,对混凝沉淀-超滤(以下称组合工艺1)、BAC(生物活性炭滤池)-超滤(组合工艺2)和混凝沉淀-BAC-超滤(组合工艺3)3种工艺进行比较研究,系统考察其作为反渗透预处理技术的可行性. 结果表明:组合工艺3对印染废水二级生化出水中COD_Cr、TCU(真色)及浊度的平均去除率分别为53.0%、49.2%和99.5%,UV₂₅₄下降了50.0%,均高于其他2个组合工艺. 对超滤膜表面污染阻力分布的测定可知,组合工艺3中不可逆污染造成膜污染的程度最轻. 此外,3种组合工艺的出水通过反渗透装置后的平均脱盐率分别为98.0%、97.5%和98.2%. 可见,针对该研究中涉及的二级生化出水,组合工艺3预处理工艺是反渗透预处理的最佳工艺.      

安全工程专业实验课研究性教学与创新型人才培养

基于我国高校实验教学现况,阐述对本科专业实验课进行研究性教学改革的必要性和可行性。在论述研究性教学的特征及其在实验教学中优越性基础上,结合安全工程专业的《安全检测技术》实验课的教学改革实践,提出从实验指导书、实验教学大纲、教学方案和考核方式等方面进行全面改革,探讨专业实验课研究性教学中实验设计、实施过程以及对实验环境的要求与改革,提出大力加强开展综合性、设计性及研究创新性实验,并将专业实验课教学与教师科研课题进行有效结合。教改实践表明,在专业实验课中实施研究性教学,有利于实现教学相长、教学与科研相融、人才培养链相接,对培养安全工程创新型人才具有重要意义。     

自然通风下高层建筑条形走廊烟气控制的研究

运用长廊型风洞为实验模型,通过实验与模拟对比的方法,应用FDS软件,模拟研究自然通风下走廊中常见几种烟气控制模式的效果。分析比较各个模式下温度、烟气浓度等的模拟结果得出,在有自然通风下,挡烟垂壁在火灾初期对延缓烟气扩散效果明显,随着火灾的发展,挡烟垂壁几乎没有效果。采用机械排烟后,走廊内温度与烟气浓度均有明显下降,火灾初期走廊内平均温度明显降低,在火灾后期走廊内烟气浓度降低明显。在排烟量不变情况下,采用两个排烟口比单个排烟口排烟效果更好,240s时走廊内CO2浓度相比下降21%。在前室门口设置防烟空气幕可以防止烟气进入前室,利于人员疏散并大幅降低走廊内烟气浓度和温度。开启两个排烟口和挡烟垂壁,结合前室门前设置防烟空气幕,可以达到最好的烟气控制效果,240s时走廊内CO2浓度下降59%,CO浓度下降58%。