几种植物在生长过程中对人工湿地污水处理效果的影响

不同的植物及植物的不同生长阶段对人工湿地系统污水处理效果都有影响。对几种华南地区常见的湿地植物在其不同生长阶段处理污水的效果进行了研究,采用了不种植物的沙滤系统作对照。结果表明:(1)植物生长过程中,植物高度能反映污水处理效果总体上的变化;(2)在植物的生长过程中,各人工湿地系统污水处理能力总体上持续增强,各水质指标pH、DO、TN、NH3-N、NO3-N、TP和CODCr等均呈下降趋势,其中TP和CODCr呈逐步下降,pH、DO、TN、NH3-N、NO3-N则呈现锯齿形波动,但总体上仍是下降过程;(3)植物系统氮处理能力好于无植物沙滤系统,而对磷TP和CODCr的去除则恰好相反;(4)不同植物对人工湿地污水的处理效果影响不明显。研究结果对探讨人工湿地污水处理规律和植物在人工湿地中的作用提供了新的科学依据,并为指导人工湿地工程的运行提供了参考。     

产品的二次筛选试验影响分析

通过某种产品的二次筛选试验前后的参数数据分析,从一个侧面分析了二次筛选试验对产品造成的影响,定量地表征了影响的程度,为以后的二次筛选乃至一次筛选对产品寿命影响的全面分析奠定基础。     

用鱼类急性毒性试验分析死鱼事故原因

采用鱼类急性毒性试验方法分析、判断死鱼事故原因,不仅快速、简单、灵敏、直观,社会效益好,而且解决了单用几个理化测试数据,难以分析说明死鱼事故直接原因的难题,适于推广使用。     

一种新的絮凝沉淀实验的数据处理法

通过分析现有絮凝沉淀实验的数据处理方法,指出了其存在的不足。并提出了其改进后的新方法     

Two discrete choice experiments on laboratory safety decisions and practices

IntroductionThe path toward enhancing laboratory safety requires a thorough understanding of the factors that influence the safety-related decision making of laboratory personnel. Method: We developed and administered a web-based survey to assess safety-related decision making of laboratory personnel of a government research organization. The survey included two brief discrete choice experiments (DCEs) that allowed for quantitative analysis of specific factors that potentially influence safety-related decisions and practices associated with two different hypothetical laboratory safety scenarios. One scenario related to reporting a laboratory spill, and the other scenario involved changing protective gloves between laboratory rooms. The survey also included several brief self-report measures of attitude, perception, and behavior related to safety practices. Results: Risk perception was the most influential factor in safety-related decision making in both scenarios. Potential negative consequences and effort associated with reporting an incident and the likelihood an incident was detected by others also affected reporting likelihood. Wearing gloves was also affected somewhat by perceived exposure risk, but not by other social or work-related factors included in the scenarios. Conclusions: The study demonstrated the promise of DCEs in quantifying the relative impact of several factors on safety-related choices of laboratory workers in two hypothetical but realistic scenarios. Participants were faced with hypothetical choice scenarios with realistic features instead of traditional scaling techniques that ask about attitudes and perceptions. The methods are suitable for addressing many occupational safety concerns in which workers face tradeoffs in their safety-related decisions and behavior. Practical Application: Safety-related decisions regarding laboratory practices such as incident reporting and use of PPE were influenced primarily by workers’ perceptions of risk of exposure and severity of risks to health and safety. This finding suggests the importance of providing laboratory workers with adequate and effective education and training on the hazards and risks associated with their work. DCEs are a promising research method for better understanding the relative influences of various personal, social, and organizational factors that shape laboratory safety decisions and practices. The information gained from DCEs may lead to more targeted training materials and interventions.     

Willingness to pay to protect cold water corals

There is increasing pressure to use currently untapped resources in the deep sea, raising questions regarding ecosystem service trade-offs in these often unknown areas. We assessed the trade-offs between protection of cold-water coral reefs and economic activities, such as fisheries and petroleum extraction, through a survey of a representative sample of the populations of Norway and Ireland. Choice-experiment surveys were conducted in workshop settings and through the internet. Both survey approaches provided some similar results, such as preferences for protection. Our cross-country comparison showed the general public in Norway and Ireland was willing, despite possible conflict with extractive and consumptive economic activities in the deep sea, to protect cold-water corals as habitat for fish. On average, people were willing to pay NKr 341 and NKr 424 for a small and large increase in protected areas respectively, and NKr 880 if the area is important habitat for fish, all else held equal. However, there was large variation across individuals and countries. Norwegian respondents valued pure existence of cold-water corals more than the Irish respondents, and the latter were less willing to trade off industrial activities than the former. Nonetheless, the findings support conservation of cold-water corals and more generally of ocean environments that provide habitat for fish, which the current deep sea governance systems are not adequately designed or sufficiently well-structured to secure.     

垃圾渗滤液中污染物在包气带运移模拟实验及预测

为揭示垃圾渗滤液中污染物在包气带中的迁移转化规律,通过静态吸附、静态降解、动态土柱和数学模型预测等方法进行模拟实验。结果表明,包气带对污染物的吸附过程是线性的,即S=KdC,吸附系数Kd=0.0976;降解曲线符合一级动力学方程,即C=C0e-λt,降解系数λ=0.0324d-1;弥散过程符合对流-弥散迁移转化模型,弥散系数D=0.00435m2·d-1,由此确定了污染物迁移数学模型。通过动态土柱实验验证了模型的可靠性,并利用模型对垃圾渗滤液中有机污染物(COD)的时空分布进行预测。     

行李箱携带人群汇流过程的基本图实验研究

行李箱携带者作为公共交通枢纽一种典型的人员类型,研究其对人群运动特征的影响对于公共设施的优化具有重要意义。开展了行李箱携带人群在六种汇流角度下的紧急疏散实验,比较了不同汇流角度对行人运动速度及疏散效率的影响,获取了不同汇流角度和不同测量区域的运动基本图。结果表明：1)在实验设置下,比较不同汇流角度?(出口宽度d=3.00 m)发现,?越小(30°),人群运动速度最大(1.86 m/s)、累计疏散时间最短。随着汇流角度的增大,人群运动速度呈现降低趋势(?=180°时,人群运动速度最小(1.40 m/s)、累计疏散时间最长)。表明汇流角度小的设施,有利于提高行人疏散效率;2)比较不同测量区域的基本图(汇流角度一定)发现,汇流交汇处的人群密度分布要小于离交汇处较远的测量区域;3)比较不同汇流角度的基本图(测量区域一定)发现,汇流交汇处的行人密度与流量主要分布在1.34 m^-2～2.15 m^-2与2.00 (m·s)^-1～3.50 (m·s)^-1之间。并且,在实验观测的密度范围内,行人流量随着人群密度的增加...     

温度对三氯乙烯在土壤中土/气分配系数的影响

采用批量实验测定了三氯乙烯 (TCE) 在三种土壤 (黄土,稻田土,黑土)中的土/气分配系数 (KSA),考察了温度对TCE在土壤中KSA的影响.结果表明:三种土壤的lnKSA与1000/T都呈良好的线性关系,TCE在三种土壤上的相变热ΔUSA分别为84.48, 60.32, 59.86 kJ·mol-1.另外低温时的KSA同样符合Boltzmann方程.     

煤矸石中氧化铝溶出的实验研究

煤矸石是主要的煤系固废,其中氧化铝的含量占到25%左右,又是一种可以利用的资源.本实验以山西潞安煤矿的煤矸石为原料,采用正交试验的方法,研究了盐酸作为酸浸介质浸取煤矸石中氧化铝.主要影响因素为煅烧温度、酸量、固液比及酸浸时间,最佳工艺条件为:煅烧温度为650℃,酸量为225mL(按照煤矸石中氧化铝和盐酸反应的摩尔比为1:6计)、固液比为1:3、酸浸时间为3 h,单因素重复试验结果和正交实验的结果相符,在最佳条件下,氧化铝的溶出实验验证结果表明,三氧化二铝溶出率为71.49%.本研究对实现煤矸石的资源化综合利用具有重要的意义.