Sorption and desorption of glyphosate,MCPA and tetracycline and their mixtures in soil as influenced by phosphate

Phosphate fertilizers and herbicides such as glyphosate and MCPA are commonly applied to agricultural land, and antibiotics such as tetracycline have been detected in soils following the application of livestock manures and biosolids to agricultural land. Utilizing a range of batch equilibrium experiments, this research examined the competitive sorption interactions of these chemicals in soil. Soil samples (0-15 cm) collected from long-term experimental plots contained Olsen P concentrations in the typical (13 to 20 mg kg^?1) and elevated (81 to 99 mg kg^?1) range of build-up phosphate in agricultural soils. The elevated Olsen P concentrations in field soils significantly reduced glyphosate sorption up to 50%, but had no significant impact on MCPA and tetracycline sorption. Fresh phosphate additions in the laboratory, introduced to soil prior to, or at the same time with the other chemical applications, had a greater impact on reducing glyphosate sorption (up to 45%) than on reducing tetracycline (up to 13%) and MCPA (up to 8%) sorption. The impact of fresh phosphate additions on the desorption of these three chemicals was also statistically significant, but numerically very small namely < 1% for glyphosate and tetracycline and 3% for MCPA. The presence of MCPA significantly reduced sorption and increased desorption of glyphosate, but only when MCPA was present at concentrations much greater than environmentally relevant and there was no phosphate added to the MCPA solution. Tetracycline addition had no significant effect on glyphosate sorption and desorption in soil. For the four chemicals studied, we conclude that when mixtures of phosphate, herbicides and antibiotics are present in soil, the greatest influence of their competitive interactions is phosphate decreasing glyphosate sorption and the presence of phosphate in solution lessens the potential impact of MCPA on glyphosate sorption. The presence of chemical mixtures in soil solution has an overall greater impact on the sorption than desorption of individual organic chemicals in soil.     

Heterogeneity of farmers' preferences towards agri-environmental schemes across different agricultural subsystems

Specialised literature on the uptake of agri-environmental schemes (AES) has paid little attention to how this can be influenced by the different types of agricultural systems. This paper analyses the heterogeneity of farmers' preferences towards these schemes, distinguishing between different subsystems within the same agricultural system. We use the choice experiment method to analyse the case study of three olive grove subsystems in southern Spain, with the subsystems ranging from extensive to intensive. The results reveal inter- and intra-subsystem heterogeneity of farmers' preferences towards AES, both in general and specifically related to scheme attributes. A variety of factors appear to lie behind inter-subsystem heterogeneity, especially those associated with subsystem specificities (principally, the type of joint production). Likewise, numerous factors play a role in intra-subsystem heterogeneity, most of them related to farm/farmer socio-economic and physical characteristics. These findings will help in the design of more efficient AES.     

The political economy of certificates for land use in Germany – experimental evidence

Certificate trading schemes have been discussed as a cost-efficient means of reducing urban land consumption in Germany by capping and reallocating permissions to conduct building projects. However, in contrast to the established cap & trade systems for emissions, reputation-seeking politicians would be in charge of buying and trading certificates – an aspect not considered to date. We thus present a laboratory experiment that captures politicians’ incentives connected to electoral cycles in a cap & trade scheme for land consumption, whereby tradable certificates are auctioned and grandfathered in equal shares. We find the cap & trade system to be efficient at large; yet, there are several politically relevant distortions that are aggravated by self-serving incentives. We thus identify potential problems to a cap & trade system for urban land consumption that could substantially reduce both its assumed superior efficiency and its political feasibility.     

Long-term dynamics of the atrazine mineralization potential in surface and subsurface soil in an agricultural field as a response to atrazine applications

The dynamics of the atrazine mineralization potential in agricultural soil was studied in two soil layers (topsoil and at 35-45 cm depth) in a 3 years field trial to examine the long term response of atrazine mineralizing soil populations to atrazine application and intermittent periods without atrazine and the effect of manure treatment on those processes. In topsoil samples, ¹⁴C-atrazine mineralization lag times decreased after atrazine application and increased with increasing time after atrazine application, suggesting that atrazine application resulted into the proliferation of atrazine mineralizing microbial populations which decayed when atrazine application stopped. Decay rates appeared however much slower than growth rates. Atrazine application also resulted into the increase of the atrazine mineralization potential in deeper layers which was explained by the growth on leached atrazine as measured in soil leachates recovered from that depth. However, no decay was observed during intermittent periods without atrazine application in the deeper soil layer. atzA and trzN gene quantification confirmed partly the growth and decay of the atrazine degrading populations in the soil and suggested that especially trzN bearing populations are the dominant atrazine degrading populations in both topsoil and deeper soil. Manure treatment only improved the atrazine mineralization rate in deeper soil layers. Our results point to the importance of the atrazine application history on a field and suggests that the long term survival of atrazine degrading populations after atrazine application enables them to rapidly proliferate once atrazine is again applied.     

Knowledge Production and Learning for Sustainable Landscapes: Forewords by the Researchers and Stakeholders

This special issue of AMBIO presents a new approach to sustainability science that goes beyond interdisciplinary research. Using coupled natural and human systems, or landscapes, as multiple case studies in Europe’s East and West knowledge production and learning toward transdisciplinary research was applied in Sweden, countries in Central and Eastern Europe, and Russia. First, the research group Forest-Landscape-Society summarizes the research program (2005–2012) behind this special issue of AMBIO and its development to participate in transdisciplinary research. Second, stakeholders at multiple levels provide their views on the new approach presented and reported.     

高压输电线路抗冰灾的研究现状与发展趋势

从导地线和输电塔的覆冰模型、覆冰断线倒塔破坏机理、覆冰气象条件下塔-线体系可靠性等方面,全面分析了高压输电塔-线体系抗冰灾的研究现状和发展趋势,系统总结了国内外有关高压输电线路抗冰灾的研究成果。指出了目前高压输电塔-线体系抗冰灾研究中存在的问题和不足,具体从导地线和输电塔的覆冰模型、覆冰断线冲击的动力学分析理论、模型实验和数值模拟方法、塔-线体系覆冰可靠性等方面提出了当前迫切需要进行研究的内容与方向,以揭示高压输电线路覆冰断线以及倒塔破坏的机理,增强抵抗冰荷载灾害性破坏的能力及完善高压架空输电线路设计的标准。     

轻骨料混凝土组合楼板的火灾响应及火灾后性能研究

对一组具有不同参数的轻骨料混凝土组合楼板开展了火灾响应及火灾后承载力试验研究。试验用轻骨料为一种烧制陶粒,楼板的制作主要考虑了板厚的变化及栓钉的设置。对承载条件下的4块简支陶粒混凝土组合楼盖进行了火灾行为试验,分别得到了其火灾响应温度及位移响应。为了考察该类组合楼盖火灾后的受力性能,进一步进行了火灾后的承载力试验研究,并与一块未受火灾作用的楼盖进行了对比试验。结果表明,增加楼板厚度不仅能提高轻骨料组合楼板的抗火性能,也能提高其在火灾后的承载力。但是,在楼板内部设置焊接栓钉会减弱组合楼板的抗火性能,降低组合楼板在火灾后的承载力;压型钢板-陶粒混凝土组合楼盖受火后整体刚度虽然有明显下降,但仍具有较高的承载力,且塑性性能良好;陶粒混凝土组合楼盖的热响应温度沿楼板板厚方向的变化呈明显的非线性,但可近似为两个线性变化段。     

泡沫镍负载Pr-N共掺杂TiO2的制备及其光催化性能

以泡沫镍为载体,钛酸丁酯为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Pr-N共掺杂TiO2光催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(DRS)、扫描电镜(SEM)对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,Pr和N的掺杂抑制了TiO2从锐钛矿晶型向金红石晶型的转变,提高了催化剂在可见光区的吸收能力。以孔雀石绿为目标模型化合物,利用正交实验得出当n(Pr)∶n(N)∶n(Ti)为0.0020∶0.2∶1、焙烧温度为400℃时制得的催化剂活性最高。同时,考察了Pr-N共掺杂、Pr掺杂、N掺杂及TiO2对孔雀石绿降解并利用傅立叶红外光谱对降解产物进行分析,实验表明,Pr-N共掺杂之后催化剂对孔雀石绿的降解率较改性之前提高了1.6倍。     

LC-MS/MS method validation for determination of selected neonicotinoids in groundwater for the purpose of a column experiment

The work was carried out to develop and validate a method based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous detection and quantification of five neonicotinoid insecticides: acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam in groundwater samples for the purpose of a further column experiment. This experiment will be used to analyze breakthrough curves of neonicotinoids under a saturated water flow to set transport parameters, where the reliability of the results of chemical analysis plays an important role. The validation was performed in a concentration range from 0.09?µg L^?1 to 100?µg L^?1 using an Infinity 1290 (Agilent, USA) chromatograph coupled with a QTrap 5500 mass spectrometer (Sciex, Canada). The calibration curves were obtained on the basis of the results of six standard solution analyses. Linearity was not lower than 0.998. The limit of detection was set at the lowest concentration which can be determined with an acceptable accuracy and precision. All pesticides had recoveries in the range 85–109% with relative standard deviation values less than 8.1%. The estimated measurement uncertainty did not exceed 30%, so the LC-MS/MS method fits for the intended purpose.     

废柴油再生工艺废弃物的固化实验

废弃油基钻井液中废柴油再生工艺产生的废渣废液具有高COD和高色度等特点,直接外排对环境危害严重。通过单因素实验和正交实验确定了该废弃物的最佳固化配方为:水泥∶粉煤灰为3∶2,水泥和粉煤灰加量30%,石膏加量1.5%,硫酸铝加量1.5%,石灰加量1%。在最佳固化配方下,废弃物浸出液的COD由10 062 mg/L降至62 mg/L,色度由500倍降至8倍,各主要污染指标都符合《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准,固化成本约120元/m3。通过固化体的宏观照片和微观SEM照片对固化机理进行了分析,结果表明,废弃物被稳固地包裹在固化体之中。