Adoption of irrigation water policies to guarantee water supply: A choice experiment

More efficient and sustainable use of water is increasingly becoming an urgency in drought prone parts of the world. In particular, in water scarce regions such as the Mediterranean, water supply is expected to become more uncertain because of climate change. Consequently, pro-active policy initiatives are proposed to increase supply reliability. Local context is important when the effectiveness of policies is assessed. The aim of this paper is to evaluate farmers’ acceptance of policy strategies to increase water supply reliability in the Segura, a water scarce river basin in the south-east of Spain. Results from a choice experiment suggest that farmers are willing to pay twice as much as their current irrigation water price to ensure water supply reliability through government supply guaranteed programs. However, they are averse to any institutional changes that might assist the government to achieve increased water supply.     

摇蚊乙酰胆碱酯酶最佳反应体系的建立及有机磷类药剂敏感度比较

花翅摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)是一种重要的水生昆虫,经常用于水体环境质量的生物学评价.用正交试验方法研究了酶浓度、底物浓度、反应体系pH值、反应温度、反应时间5个因素对花翅摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性测定的影响.通过对正交试验结果进行极差和方差分析,明确了测定摇蚊AChE活性的最适反应条件是酶浓度为5头/mL、底物浓度为6 mmol/L、pH值为8.0、温度为35℃、反应时间为10 min.DDVP、马拉硫磷和甲胺磷对花翅摇蚊的LC50值分别为8.93 mg/L、16.74 mg/L和47.65 mg/L.利用正交试验得到的反应最适条件进一步研究了花翅摇蚊接触上述3种药剂亚致死剂量后对其体内AChE活性的影响.结果表明,无论是时间效应还是剂量效应,3种药剂对花翅摇蚊幼虫体内AChE影响的趋势与生物测定结果是一致的,其对花翅摇蚊幼虫体内AChE的抑制能力依次为DDVP、马拉硫磷和甲胺磷.     

江湖洪水不同遭遇对城陵矶水位影响的实验研究

城陵矶位于长江干流和洞庭湖出流汇合处,因此影响城陵矶洪水位的因素除了河床淤积、洪水特性等以外,洞庭湖出流与长江干流的不同遭遇也起着非常重要的作用。采用模型实验的方法,研究了不同遭遇、不同流量、不同螺山水位下城陵矶河段水位的变化。结果表明：在城陵矶断面,当监利来水流量超过洞庭湖出流时,主流靠左岸;当监利来水流量少于洞庭湖出流时,主流靠右岸。洞庭湖出流与长江干流来水流量的不同遭遇对城陵矶断面水位的影响非常显著。当监利来水流量占螺山流量的百分比为55 %左右时,城陵矶断面水位最高,即此时长江干流来水流量和洞庭湖出流相互之间顶托消耗能量达到最大值。在中水流量下,当监利来水流量占螺山流量的百分比为55 %左右时,城陵矶断面左右岸水位差达到最小值。     

The real effect of legal institutions: Environmental courts and firm environmental protection expenditure

This paper evaluates the real effects of environmental justice reform on environmental governance at the firm level. Using the establishment of environmental courts in China as a quasi-natural experiment, our difference-in-differences estimation shows that: (1) environmental courts significantly enhance environmental investment by firms, and this relationship is robust to different specifications and alternative measures; (2) three possible channels are the improved levels of justice and enforcement of environmental protection, and the mitigation of local government intervention; (3) our findings are particularly pronounced in subsamples with severe local protectionism, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and non-SOEs with political connections; (4) at the city-level, environmental courts significantly increase air quality and promote cities to cross the inflection point of the environmental Kuznets curve earlier. Overall, this paper reveals the micro-mechanisms behind the real effects of environmental justice on firm environmental investment, thus providing timely implications for regulators concerned with environmental protection.     

天津市机动车二次有机气溶胶生成潜势的估算

通过隧道实验得到天津市机动车排放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)的物种信息及各物种的浓度数据,检测得到88种VOCs,其中23种VOCs具有二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成潜势.基于天津市机动车尾气挥发性有机污染物的监测数据,利用气溶胶生成系数(FAC)对天津市机动车排放VOCs的二次有机气溶胶生成潜势进行了估算.结果表明,邻-二甲苯、甲苯、苯、间-二甲苯、对-二甲苯、对-二乙苯是对SOA生成贡献最大的6个物种,各自SOA生成量分别为973.97,721.05,687.31,592.09,571.31,538.59t/a,分别占SOA生成潜势的13.87%、10.27%、9.79%、8.43%、8.13%、7.67%;芳香烃是对SOA生成贡献最大的前体物,其SOA生成量占SOA生成潜势的88.95%.因此,减少机动车芳香烃类物质的排放,可有效地减少SOA的生成量.     

Effect of long-term application of corn stalks and inorganic fertilizers on fluorescence characteristics of water extractable organic matter in a meadow black soil of northeast China

ABSTRACT

Returning crop residues into fields, either alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer, is considered as a practical way to enhance soil fertility. However, information concerning the effects of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer application on water extractable organic matter (WEOM) in soil is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the 10-year effect of corn residue (CR) return with or without the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer on the quantity and quality of WEOM in a black soil of northeast China by means of ultraviolet absorbance, fluorescence excitation--emission matrix, and derived spectroscopic indices. The application of NPK fertilizers and CR, alone or together, increased the content of total soil organic carbon (SOC), water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), and ratio of WEOC/SOC, with the sequence being NPK + CR > CR > NPK > CK. Compared with control treatment, the individual application of NPK fertilizer decreased the aromaticity of WEOM. In contrast, elevated proportion of tryptophan-like fluorophore and microbially derived fulvic acid-like components with low molecular weight was detected in the WEOM. The amendment with CR alone resulted in increase in aromaticity of WEOM and proportion of plant-derived humic acid-like component with large molecular weight, accompanied by reduced proportion of tyrosine-like compounds. For the soil with CR restoration, the application of NPK fertilizer increased aromaticity of WEOM, and large molecular weight fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like compounds were found. However, the proportions of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like compounds were diminished. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of WEOM using fluorescence spectroscopy describes responses to be observed in long-term different fertilization strategies.     

选择试验模型法在耕地资源保护中的应用——以浙江省温岭市为例

选择试验模型法是目前国际上用于评估具有公共物品特性的自然资源和环境物品经济价值的一种相对较新的方法。论文以浙江省温岭市耕地资源保护为例,探讨选择试验模型法在耕地资源保护经济价值评估实践的可行性。在专家咨询和小组讨论的基础上,确定耕地景观、田间设施、土壤肥力和耕地保护费为温岭市耕地资源保护的4个属性。在对温岭市246名居民进行随机抽样调查的基础上,分析了温岭市耕地资源保护不同属性的价值以及耕地资源保护不同替代方案的相对价值。结果表明,对于温岭市全体居民来说,今后耕地资源保护的实施应该重点改善田间设施和提高土壤肥力,而耕地景观的改善也同样可以增加温岭市居民的福利水平。     

Are experienced people affected by a pre-set default option—Results from a field experiment

The objective of the present paper is to investigate the robustness of the well-known result that pre-set default options determine people's choices. We do so by conducting a field experiment among environmental economists attending a large international conference on environmental economics. The participants were, at the time of registration, randomly allocated to different treatments related to carbon offsetting. What differs from earlier default studies is that our subjects have good knowledge about the good at hand. We investigate whether the choices of these experienced individuals are affected by a pre-set default option, and we also study the effect of a treatment with no pre-set default option. Our results, together with previous findings, indicate that the effect of a default option attenuates with experience.     

改性斜发沸石处理高浓度氨氮废水

采用NaOH碱熔法对缙云斜发沸石进行处理,采用正交实验对碱熔法改性沸石的最佳条件进行了选择;并对改性前后的沸石进行粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征;详细研究了所得改性沸石在氨氮废水处理中的净化性能.结果表明,处理沸石的水热温度对氨氮去除效果的影响最显著;碱熔法处理可使缙云斜发沸石转变为低硅铝比的Na-P型分子筛,它对氨氮废水的NH4+-N具有优异的吸附性能.当改性沸石投加量为5 g,对100 mL浓度为1000 mg.L-1氨氮溶液,氨氮去除率可达77.8%,改性沸石吸附NH4+-N是一快速吸附过程,且能较好地符合Langmuir吸附等温模式,偏向于单分子层的吸附.     

植被生化信息遥感提取的星地同步试验设计与实施

植物体内部生理生态过程对物质和能量的交换与传递起着重要作用,而植物体本身的生化物质含量影响和控制着这些过程的进行。随着成像光谱技术的发展,利用高光谱遥感数据估测植被生化信息成为遥感发展的前沿。论文以云南勐遮地区高光谱星地同步试验为例,详细介绍了试验中研究区与最佳观测时期选择、研究样点选择、试验内容、方法以及试验流程设计等,并着重比较星地同步试验与传统野外试验的区别,旨在为今后该类试验的设计与实施提供经验借鉴。结果表明,星地同步试验在设计和实施时必须充分考虑传感器本身的性能特点、观测数据获取时的潜在风险、遥感影像处理的需要以及卫星观测数据、地面光谱数据和生化数据等的同步性问题。