若尔盖高原湿地生物多样性保护及其可持续利用

论述了川西北高寒湿地的自然概况及其形成原因,分析该区湿地的主要生物多样性价值,分布有具有世界意义的特有物种（黑颈鹤）和珍稀濒危物种,并且还分布有许多具有重要经济意义和具有科学研究价值的物种,但近几年来,人类活动的频繁干扰,如泥炭开采、过度放牧而破坏植被,再加上本区气候因素的特殊性,局部地区已引起沙化,使本区的生物多样性减少。由此而提出相应的生物多样性保护和可持续利用对策：协调人类活动与生物多样性保护的关系；严控载畜量,发展人工草场；发挥本地优势,利用泥炭治沙；建立湿地自然保护区；加强湿地立法     

湖南省生物多样性现状调查与评价

在对湖南省生物多样性现状进行调查的基础上,采用包括物种丰富度、生态系统类型多样性、植被垂直层谱的完整性、物种特有性、外来物种入侵度5个评价指标的生物多样性综合评价方法,以县(区)为单位,对湖南省125个县(区)进行了生物多样性评价. 结果表明:有51个县(区)的生物多样性状况为“高”,有53个县(区)为“中”,有12个县(区)为“一般”,有9个县(区)为“低”. 评价结果与湖南省生物多样性的实际情况基本相符,基本能反映出湖南省植物多样性的整体分布状况.      

基于适宜性分析的辽河保护区土地利用规划

基于保护河流完整性原则,同时考虑满足人类需求,利用适宜性分析方法对辽河保护区进行了土地利用规划。通过分析河流纵向物理特征和横向结构,将辽河保护区纵向分为8段,横向分为4个区。利用适宜性分析并结合河流横向特征,对辽河保护区的土地进行规划,共有用地类型11类,按面积由大到小分别为河岸带生物多样性用地、辽河口湿地用地、生产用地、入干水质控制用地、大坝防洪安全用地、河道用地、高生态功能湿地用地、险工险段低风险用地、生态水面景观用地、水库湿地用地和城市景观用地,分别占总面积的38.71%、22.56%、12.17%、7.85%、4.20%、3.62%、3.22%、2.79%、1.89%、1.88%和1.12%。近80%的土地用于与构建水生生境相关的土地利用类型,体现了保护区生态保护的功能定位。     

基于“天-空-地”一体化的生态保护红线区监管评价体系构建及应用

科学监管评价生态保护红线区生态环境是合理利用自然资源和充分保护生态环境的基础,对推动国家生态文明建设具有重要意义。该研究基于"天-空-地"一体化获取多源数据,结合GIS和RS空间分析,从生态系统格局和质量、人类活动、环境限制4个方面选取25个指标,构建了生物多样性维护生态保护红线区监管评价体系,并以泰山生态保护红线区为例进行分析研究。结果表明:2000—2015年,研究区生态系统格局、生态系统质量、人类活动状况3个分指数得分及生态环境综合得分均呈现先降后升的趋势,就综合得分而言,2000—2005年、2005—2010年得分降幅分别为18. 73%和5. 24%,2010年得分最低(41. 97分),而2010—2015年得分增幅为81. 63%,2015年得分为76. 23分,生态环境综合得分评价等级由Ⅱ级升为Ⅰ级。其中城乡居民和工矿用地面积占比、生态系统破碎度和分离度、植被生物量是影响研究区生态环境的关键指标,相关部门应加强对研究区边界处人类活动的监管,并注重生态系统完整性和植被生长状态的保护。该监管评价体系具有较强的实践性、科学性和可操作性,可为生态保护红线区的监管评价提供新思路...     

淀粉废水处理系统中活性污泥的微生物群落结构及多样性分析

为探究淀粉废水处理活性污泥中微生物的群落结构及多样性,基于Illumina MiSeq高通量测序方法,分析了不同运行阶段的A/O处理系统中活性污泥的微生物群落与多样性组成.结果表明,A/O系统中处理淀粉生产废水的活性污泥在同一种废水下微生物群落结构总体比较稳定,优势细菌主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)等;最重要优势细菌类群为变形菌门(45. 66%～66. 30%),其中γ-亚纲细菌是其主要成员,占比36. 38%～66. 65%.优势拟杆菌门主要成员鞘脂杆菌纲在污泥沉降性能较好时其占比下降,但绿弯菌门主要成员厌氧绳菌纲在污泥沉降性能较好时其占比明显增加,变化趋势正好相反,或许它们二者之间的耦合变化与污泥沉降性能变化密切相关.活性污泥样品中存在大量特殊功能菌群,它们在活性污泥的污染物分解和氮磷去除中发挥重要作用.     

Plankton community composition in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region revealed by PCR-DGGE and its relationships with environmental factors

To explore the relationships between community composition and the environment in a reservoir ecosystem, plankton communities from the Three Gorges Reservoir Region were studied by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting. Bacterial and eukaryotic operational taxonomic units （OTUs）, generated by DGGE analysis of the PCR-amplified 16S and 18S rRNA genes, were used as surrogates for the dominant ＂biodiversity units＂. OTU composition among the sites was heterogeneous; 46.7% of the total bacterial OTUs （45） and 64.1% of the eukaryotic OTUs （39） were identified in less than half of the sampling sites. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages （UPGMA） clustering of the OTUs suggested that the plankton communities in the Xiangxi Rive sites were not always significantly different from those from the Yangtze River sites, despite clear differences in their environmental characterizations. Canonical correspondence analysis （CCA） was applied to further investigate the relationships between OTU composition and the environmental factors. The first two CCA ordination axes suggested that the bacterial community composition was primarily correlated with the variables of NO3^--N, dissolved oxygen （DO）, and SiO3^2--Si, whereas, the eukaryotic community was mainly correlated with the concentrations of DO, PO4^3--P, and SiO3^2--Si.     

考虑地形与生物多样性的InVEST模型及其在县域生物多样性安全格局分析中的应用

县域尺度生物多样性安全格局精细评估可为区域生物多样性保护规划、实施与管理提供科学参考。以粤北山区翁源县为例,采用InVEST生境质量模型,结合区域地形与生物多样性特征,以生境质量指数、地形与生物多样性综合指数为评价指标,开展区域生物多样性安全格局综合评估。结果表明：翁源县整体生境质量指数（HQI）较高,尤其在人为扰动较弱的水系和林区最为明显,生境质量指数较低区集中在建设用地、耕地等人类活动影响强烈区域;地形多样性综合指数（TDCI）与地形起伏度和地形坡度位置指数分布格局较为一致,而与地形湿度指数相对差值分布格局相反;生物多样性指数（BCI）分布格局受到香农-威纳指数物种多样性本底及生物多样性丰富度、人类足迹指数、生物多样性重要度与植被总覆盖度的交互影响;生物多样性综合安全格局指数与HQI、BCI及TDCI分布有较好的一致性,低风险/低脆弱（高安全）区集中在县域内城镇建设用地、交通水利和耕地等人类活动强烈区,高风险/高脆弱（低安全）区主要分布在县域北部、西北部、东南部、东北部自然保护和饮用水源等人类活动干扰微弱区。通过与区域生态保护红线等相关资料进行验证与分析,改进优化后的评估结果更能精细和客观地反映研究区生物多样性安全格局。

     

生物多样性导向的再生水补给型城市河道水生态修复效果

在再生水补给型河道开展水生态修复并监测分析其效果,有助于提升再生水补给河道的生态健康水平。在北京市萧太后河老河道开展全营养级生态修复并进行为期1年的监测,通过生物群落结构、生物多样性指数、水质分析水生态系统变化。结果表明,虽然试验区经历了水质恶化、水量剧减的双重冲击,但河道水生态、水质仍表现出明显改善。生态修复实施后浮游动物、底栖动物、鱼类、鸟类的物种丰富度分别上升为修复前的6、2、3、2倍。浮游动物、底栖动物、鱼类优势种数量均明显增加,且表现出耐污型向健康指示型的变化。底栖动物、鱼类、鸟类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数均有上升;鸟类的优势种表现出季节性变化且已出现猛禽。项目区内总磷浓度平均比项目区外低35%,氨氮浓度平均低31%,总氮浓度平均低30%。综合来看,结构完整的水生态系统具有抵抗外界水质、水量冲击的韧性,且能够起到良好的水质改善效果。各生物群落的多样性指数、群落结构均对水质变化有明显的反馈和指示作用,多个生物多样性指数的综合表征效果更全面、更客观。

     

Examining the relationship between local extinction risk and position in range

Over half of globally threatened animal species have experienced rapid geographic range loss. Identifying the parts of species’ distributions most vulnerable to local extinction would benefit conservation planning. However, previous studies give little consensus on whether ranges decline to the core or edge. We built on previous work by using empirical data to examine the position of recent local extinctions within species’ geographic ranges, address range position as a continuum, and explore the influence of environmental factors. We aggregated point‐locality data for 125 Galliform species from across the Palearctic and Indo‐Malaya into equal‐area half‐degree grid cells and used a multispecies dynamic Bayesian occupancy model to estimate rates of local extinctions. Our model provides a novel approach to identify loss of populations from within species ranges. We investigated the relationship between extinction rates and distance from range edge by examining whether patterns were consistent across biogeographic realm and different categories of land use. In the Palearctic, local extinctions occurred closer to the range edge than range core in both unconverted and human‐dominated landscapes. In Indo‐Malaya, no pattern was found for unconverted landscapes, but in human‐dominated landscapes extinctions tended to occur closer to the core than the edge. Our results suggest that local and regional factors override general spatial patterns of recent local extinction within species’ ranges and highlight the difficulty of predicting the parts of a species’ distribution most vulnerable to threat.     

Gaps and opportunities for the World Heritage Convention to contribute to global wilderness conservation

Wilderness areas are ecologically intact landscapes predominantly free of human uses, especially industrial‐scale activities that result in substantial biophysical disturbance. This definition does not exclude land and resource use by local communities who depend on such areas for subsistence and bio‐cultural connections. Wilderness areas are important for biodiversity conservation and sustain key ecological processes and ecosystem services that underpin planetary life‐support systems. Despite these widely recognized benefits and values of wilderness, they are insufficiently protected and are consequently being rapidly eroded. There are increasing calls for multilateral environmental agreements to make a greater and more systematic contribution to wilderness conservation before it is too late. We created a global map of remaining terrestrial wilderness following the established last‐of‐the‐wild method, which identifies the 10% of areas with the lowest human pressure within each of Earth's 62 biogeographic realms and identifies the 10 largest contiguous areas and all contiguous areas >10,000 km². We used our map to assess wilderness coverage by the World Heritage Convention and to identify gaps in coverage. We then identified large nationally designated protected areas with good wilderness coverage within these gaps. One‐quarter of natural and mixed (i.e., sites of both natural and cultural value) World Heritage Sites (WHS) contained wilderness (total of 545,307 km²), which is approximately 1.8% of the world's wilderness extent. Many WHS had excellent wilderness coverage, for example, the Okavango Delta in Botswana (11,914 km²) and the Central Suriname Nature Reserve (16,029 km²). However, 22 (35%) of the world's terrestrial biorealms had no wilderness representation within WHS. We identified 840 protected areas of >500 km² that were predominantly wilderness (>50% of their area) and represented 18 of the 22 missing biorealms. These areas offer a starting point for assessing the potential for the designation of new WHSs that could help increase wilderness representation on the World Heritage list. We urge the World Heritage Convention to ensure that the ecological integrity and outstanding universal value of existing WHS with wilderness values are preserved.