武汉东湖浮游生物宏基因组与环境重金属的关系

采用针对16SrRNA和18SrRNA基因的引物,对武汉东湖不同营养水平湖区的浮游生物宏基因组进行凝胶电泳分析(PCR-DGGE)的指纹分析,并探讨宏基因组与环境重金属的关系.结果表明,PCR-DGGE分析共获得82条谱带,其多态率为82.9%,特有谱带占31.7%.I~V站点的谱带分别为36,34,44,50,56条.5个站点浮游生物群落PCR-DGGE指纹结构的聚类分析(UPGMA)分成两大类:I、II、Ⅲ站为一类,IV、V站为一类,这与重金属(铅、铬、汞、镉、砷、铜)浓度对各站点的聚类分枝关系相一致.相关分析显示,变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)谱带所代表的分类单元数(OTUs)与镉、铬的浓度存在较明显的相关性,其相关系数分别为-0.942(P0.05)和-0.928(P0.05).     

低浓度辛基酚的好氧生物降解特性和群落多样性

利用摇瓶序批式试验研究了好氧菌群对低浓度辛基酚的生物降解特性和群落特征.结果表明,在辛基酚初始浓度水平为200、100、50μg·L-1的条件下,一级反应动力学常数分别为0.131、0.219和0.431d-1,辛基酚浓度升高显示出一定的代谢抑制作用.在pH值为5～9的范围内,弱碱性条件(pH=8)最有利于辛基酚的生物降解.甲醇、葡萄糖、苯酚、酵母浸出物等有机添加物普遍可以改善辛基酚的生物代谢,其中,苯酚和酵母浸出物的促进效果最明显,在200μg·L-1的初始浓度下,辛基酚降解半衰期从5.3d分别降至3.2d和2.3d.与较高浓度烷基酚类污染物试验结果不同,实验过程中发现的主要优势菌以γ-proteobacteria、β-proteobacteria和Firmicutes为主.     

协议保护：调和自然保护区保护与发展矛盾的新模式

中国是最早批准生物多样性公约的国家之一,自然保护区制度建立对我国生物多样性保护起到了重要作用。经过几十年的发展,中国已经建立起了种类较齐全,覆盖面较广,功能体制较健全的自然保护区网络,使得建立自然保护区成为中国多样性保护的重要途径之一。但保护区发展和经营过程中的一些难以用现有手段解决的问题也日益凸显。尤其是自然保护区生物多样性保护的基本要求与当地经济发展的急切需求之间的矛盾难以调和。而协议保护的出现为解决这些问题提供了新思路,协议保护在中国的初期应用也收到了良好的效果。本文就中国目前自然保护区中因经济开发造成的保护困境和协议保护的特点及范例分析,阐述在中国自然保护区及其周边实施协议保护的必要性与可行性。     

安徽省生物多样性调查与评价——以县域为评价单元

生物多样性是生物及其与环境形成的生态复合体以及与此相关的各种生态过程的总和,包括数以百万计的动物、植物、微生物和它们所拥有的基因以及它们与其生存环境形成的复杂的生态系统。本文构建了一个生物多样性评价指标体系,遴选了10个评价指标,确立了生物多样性评价的方法,并以安徽省为例,以县域为评价单元,开展了生物多样性综合评价,评价结果显示,安徽省79个县域单元中,生物多样性评价等级为"高"的有2个,评价等级为"中"的有19个,评价等级为"一般"的有27个,评价等级为"差"的有31个。     

基于eDNA的硅藻群落时空异质性及生态健康评价

近年来,环境DNA技术广泛应用于水生态生物多样性监测,如何基于环境DNA数据建立河流生态健康评价方法是当前研究的热点.拟开发基于环境DNA的分子硅藻指数来指示人类活动影响下的河流生态健康状况.首先通过环境DNA技术监测了沙颍河流域春秋两季硅藻群落组成和结构变化,解析了春、秋两季群落的驱动环境因子;进一步比较了4种基于环境DNA宏条形码数据的计算策略(OTU-分类、OTU-无分类、ASV-分类和ASV-无分类),构建了适合于评估沙颍河流域生态健康状况的分子硅藻指数.结果表明:①硅藻群落结构存在季节性差异,其中Discostella pseudostelligera、Nitzschia amphibia和Diatoma vulgaris等类群是区分春、秋季硅藻群落季节差异的主要因素;②重金属Mn、Fe和TN (总氮)是影响春季硅藻群落结构变化的主要环境因子,COD和Cu是影响秋季硅藻群落结构变化的主要环境因子;③在4种计算策略中,基于OTU-无分类数据计算的硅藻指数更好地反映了环境梯度变化;硅藻指数显示,沙颍河流域生态健康状况在时间上秋季优于春季,而在空间上上游优于下游.综上,通过eDNA技术监测了沙颍河春、秋两季硅藻群落,构建了沙颍河流域分子硅藻指数,促进了环境DNA技术在河流生态健康评价中的应用.     

Governance of seed and food security through participatory plant breeding: Empirical evidence and gender analysis from Syria

This paper presents the findings of a study on the governance of seed conducted in the framework of a participatory plant breeding (PPB) programme, based on a multi‐year inquiry with a panel of ten Syrian households. The study assessed the interactions between governance regimes regulating the rights to access and control genetic resources at international and national level, compared to the actual ability of the respondent women farmers to access and control the seed of varieties they co‐developed with the PPB programme. The paper argues that gender equal access to seed can “optimally” contribute to enhancing household food security in small scale farming. The paper also argues that to support a gender‐equal access to seed in the respondent households legislation needs to explicitly protect the rights of women farmers to access and share the benefits of genetic material and draw from empirical evidence of the actual access to and control of seed at ground level.     

Can environmental compensation contribute to socially equitable conservation? The case of an ecological fiscal transfer in the Brazilian Atlantic forest

ABSTRACT

Regions of high biodiversity often coincide with regions of poverty and conservation can imply economic and social costs for poor resident populations. Environmental compensation is considered a tool to reduce socio-environmental conflict, improve the equity of conservation and promote sustainable development. The intricacies of specific socio-ecological systems may determine how compensation payments are interpreted locally to produce outcomes. This research examines the social perceptions of an ecological fiscal transfer which intends to compensate the local public administration for the substantial costs of conservation in a hotspot of biological and social diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. In this context we explore whether financial compensation (1) influences local perceptions of the conservation regime, (2) contributes towards the reconciliation of human-conservation conflicts and (3) triggers any meaningful socio-economic improvement that would counter the local costs of conservation. Results show that environmental compensation is not widely recognised as effectively benefiting the community. Local authorities consider compensation insufficient to enact a sustainable development agenda. Environmental compensation could play an important role in a policy mix for socially equitable conservation by being explicitly linked to community benefits, especially to fostering local livelihoods. The collaboration of actors operating across multiple governance levels may improve the institutional capacity of local actors to produce effective outcomes.     

Plankton community composition in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region revealed by PCR-DGGE and its relationships with environmental factors

To explore the relationships between community composition and the environment in a reservoir ecosystem, plankton communities from the Three Gorges Reservoir Region were studied by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting. Bacterial and eukaryotic operational taxonomic units （OTUs）, generated by DGGE analysis of the PCR-amplified 16S and 18S rRNA genes, were used as surrogates for the dominant ＂biodiversity units＂. OTU composition among the sites was heterogeneous; 46.7% of the total bacterial OTUs （45） and 64.1% of the eukaryotic OTUs （39） were identified in less than half of the sampling sites. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages （UPGMA） clustering of the OTUs suggested that the plankton communities in the Xiangxi Rive sites were not always significantly different from those from the Yangtze River sites, despite clear differences in their environmental characterizations. Canonical correspondence analysis （CCA） was applied to further investigate the relationships between OTU composition and the environmental factors. The first two CCA ordination axes suggested that the bacterial community composition was primarily correlated with the variables of NO3^--N, dissolved oxygen （DO）, and SiO3^2--Si, whereas, the eukaryotic community was mainly correlated with the concentrations of DO, PO4^3--P, and SiO3^2--Si.     

Growth of non-English-language literature on biodiversity conservation

English is widely recognized as the language of science, and English-language publications (ELPs) are rapidly increasing. It is often assumed that the number of non-ELPs is decreasing. This assumption contributes to the underuse of non-ELPs in conservation science, practice, and policy, especially at the international level. However, the number of conservation articles published in different languages is poorly documented. Using local and international search systems, we searched for scientific articles on biodiversity conservation published from 1980 to 2018 in English and 15 non-English languages. We compared the growth rate in publications across languages. In 12 of the 15 non-English languages, published conservation articles significantly increased every year over the past 39 years, at a rate similar to English-language articles. The other three languages showed contrasting results, depending on the search system. Since the 1990s, conservation science articles in most languages increased exponentially. The variation in the number of non-English-language articles identified among the search systems differed markedly (e.g., for simplified Chinese, 11,148 articles returned with local search system and 803 with Scopus). Google Scholar and local literature search systems returned the most articles for 11 and 4 non-English languages, respectively. However, the proportion of peer-reviewed conservation articles published in non-English languages was highest in Scopus, followed by Web of Science and local search systems, and lowest in Google Scholar. About 20% of the sampled non-English-language articles provided no title or abstract in English; thus, in theory, they were undiscoverable with English keywords. Possible reasons for this include language barriers and the need to disseminate research in countries where English is not widely spoken. Given the known biases in statistical methods and study characteristics between English- and non-English-language studies, non-English-language articles will continue to play an important role in improving the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation.     

淀粉废水处理系统中活性污泥的微生物群落结构及多样性分析

为探究淀粉废水处理活性污泥中微生物的群落结构及多样性,基于Illumina MiSeq高通量测序方法,分析了不同运行阶段的A/O处理系统中活性污泥的微生物群落与多样性组成.结果表明,A/O系统中处理淀粉生产废水的活性污泥在同一种废水下微生物群落结构总体比较稳定,优势细菌主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)等;最重要优势细菌类群为变形菌门(45. 66%～66. 30%),其中γ-亚纲细菌是其主要成员,占比36. 38%～66. 65%.优势拟杆菌门主要成员鞘脂杆菌纲在污泥沉降性能较好时其占比下降,但绿弯菌门主要成员厌氧绳菌纲在污泥沉降性能较好时其占比明显增加,变化趋势正好相反,或许它们二者之间的耦合变化与污泥沉降性能变化密切相关.活性污泥样品中存在大量特殊功能菌群,它们在活性污泥的污染物分解和氮磷去除中发挥重要作用.