蚯蚓辅助微生物修复芘污染土壤

通过微宇宙实验,研究了蚯蚓对不同土壤中芘的微生物降解率的影响及蚯蚓对芘的富集率.结果表明,有机质较高土壤中芘的微生物降解率和蚯蚓富集率都低于有机质低的土壤,而老化作用降低了芘的生物有效性.无论在新鲜染毒还是老化的土壤中.蚯蚓均可提高土壤中芘的去除率和微生物降解率.在新鲜染毒的红壤和潮土中,蚯蚓可使芘的去除率由41.78%和27.02%分别提高到89.24%和57.53%,其中分别有51.48%和41.63%是蚯蚓促进的微生物降解作用引起的,37.76%和15.90%归因于蚯蚓富集作用.而在老化的红壤和潮土中,蚯蚓可使芘的去除率由36.53%和20.50%分别提高到91.93%和45.46%,其中分别有54.43%和32.83%是蚯蚓促进的微生物降解作用引起的,37.50%和12.63%归因于蚯蚓富集作用.     

低温菌去除污染物的研究现状

低温菌在自然界的分布非常广泛，低温菌由于具有特殊的遗传背景和代谢途径，能够产生适合低温环境且具有特殊功能的各种酶类及其它活性物，从而使低温菌在寒冷环境条件下表现出其他微生物无法替代的生物活性。文章在分析、总结国内外有关低温菌低温环境条件下去除污水中不同污染物的研究基础上，认为低温菌在寒冷地区污水治理领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

北海湖微生物群落结构随季节变化特征

分别于夏季、秋季、冬季和春季采集北海湖水样,进行水质和微生物群落结构分析.水质分析表明,夏季和秋季的水质较冬季和春季差,其中TN和TP是影响水质的最重要因素.通过Mi Seq高通量测序分析微生物群落结构表明:蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是湖水中的优势门,但在不同季节的分布不同.夏季和秋季微生物的多样性高,蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)是第一优势菌门(32.7%~43.2%),其中聚球藻属(Synechococcus)是优势蓝细菌.冬季变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的含量相对丰富,占细菌群落的34.8%~40.4%.而春季,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的含量增加,两者之和占细菌群落的51.5%~64.3%.RDA(redundancy analysis)分析表明,水温是影响北海湖微生物群落结构的最主要环境因子.总体而言,北海湖水质符合景观水的标准,但夏季聚球藻属(Synechococcus)的大量繁殖使北海湖发生水华的风险增加,因此要加强对北海湖水质检测和管理.     

石油污染与食细菌线虫对土壤微生物活性及石油降解的影响

随着经济快速发展,石油及其产品用量增多,石油污染问题日益严重,土壤石油污染治理刻不容缓.研究表明石油污染土壤中存在大量的食细菌线虫,但食细菌线虫在石油污染土壤中的作用还不清楚.本试验采用人工模拟石油污染土壤,通过接种不同密度模式线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans),研究食细菌线虫在石油污染土壤中的功能及其对污染土壤中石油降解及土壤微生物活性的影响.本实验共设6个处理:高温灭菌石油污染土壤(FSP),作为对照处理1;杀灭线虫土壤(S),作为对照处理2;石油污染土壤(SP);石油污染土壤+5条线虫/g干土(SPN5);石油污染土壤+10条线虫/g干土(SPN10);石油污染土壤+20条线虫/g干土(SPN20).研究结果表明:整个试验培养结束时,处理SP、SPN5、SPN10和SPN20的石油残留量比第0天采样时分别降低约60.78%、80.01%、67.63%和66.31%,处理SP、SPN5、SPN10和SPN20的石油残留量比处理FSP分别降低约43.60%、70.68%、52.34%和50.45%,得出接种线虫可以促进污染土壤的石油降解,其中接种5条线虫/g干土的处理促进石油降解效果最好.第7 d采样时,处理SP、SPN5、SPN10、SPN20中脱氢酶酶活性比处理S分别增加约132.76%、115.09%、118.67%和55.81%,表明石油污染可以激活脱氢酶;第14 d时,接种线虫处理SPN5、SPN10和SPN20的脱氢酶活性比未接种线虫处理SP的脱氢酶活性分别增加约5.16%、18.13%和29.56%,表明添加食细菌线虫也促进了土壤相关酶活性.该研究证明食细菌线虫可以在石油污染土壤中刺激微生物的繁殖,增强土壤酶活性,进而促进污染土壤石油的降解.     

汝溪河浮游硅藻功能群特征及其与环境因子相关性分析

基于不同水文期特点,分别在平水期(2014年4月)、丰水期(2014年7月)、枯水期(2014年12月)对三峡库区支流汝溪河的浮游硅藻及理化参数进行采样监测,应用功能群分类和数理统计分析等手段,探讨汝溪河不同水文期浮游硅藻功能群特征及其与环境因子间的相互关系.结果表明:3个水文期,汝溪河共发现浮游硅藻功能群10个,分别为A、B、C、D、L_o、MP、P、T_B、X3、S1类群,其中种类最多的功能群是MP类群,数量最多的是D类群.多元逐步回归分析发现,影响平水期功能类群密度最重要的环境因子为总氮(TN);与丰水期功能群密度显著相关的环境因子为透明度(SD);浊度(Tur)、碱度和pH以及电导率则是影响枯水期功能群密度的主要环境因子.RDA分析结果显示,影响汝溪河浮游硅藻功能群多样性的主要环境因子含水温(WT)、电导率(Spc)、氧化还原电位(ORP)、溶解氧(DO)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)等.因此,功能群能较好反映汝溪河的生境特点,而氮营养元素对汝溪河浮游植物功能群变化及水质的影响应引起关注.     

Interrelation of Cd‐lon concentrations and the growth and activities of microorganisms in two growth media†

Partitioning of native or anthropogenic heavy metals in solid and solution phases of soil is a result of network of several physico‐chemical reactions. The attainment of equilibrium between two phases is also regulated by biochemical processes. For practical purposes, the bioavailability of metal present in soil is predominantly regulated by the soil solution phase which is in dynamic equilibrium with the solid phase. The results of a model laboratory and greenhouse growth experiments have been used to investigate the effect of Cd‐ion concentrations (either in soil solution or in nutrient solution) on the growth and activities of microorganisms. The soil solution has been simulated by preparing a suspension of soil with 0.1 M NaNO₃ (1: 2.5) equilibrated for two hours. Important conclusions are as follows:

Increase in Cd‐ion concentration in soil solution or in nutrient solution induces corresponding adverse effect on the growth and activities of microorganisms. Thus, it seems that Cd‐ion concentration is a more sensitive indicator for assessing the effect of metal pollution upon the growth and activities of soil microorganisms in comparison to total Cd contents.

During active microbial growth phase, a large part of the organically bound Cd was released in the soil solution which is largely bioavailable. This process is termed as mobilisation. There was momentary increase of Cd‐ion concentration in soil solution which intoxicated the growing organisms. After this stage, the Cd ions from the solution phase were removed by the newly formed solid phase (nonviable biomass) and were transformed in non‐available form. This process is termed as immobilisation.

The consequences and importance of these results for practical agriculture and in deciding the limits or guidelines on the maximum tolerable metal load in soils are discussed.     

活性污泥吸附重金属的研究进展

主要从活性污泥对不同重金属(Mn+)的吸附效果、吸附机制、影响吸附的因素,以及Mn+对活性污泥中微生物的影响等四个方面,综述了国内外有关活性污泥吸附Mn+的研究成果.     

Biodegradation of keratin waste: Theory and practical aspects

Keratin-rich by-products, i.e. bristles, horns and hooves, chicken feathers and similar, are a source of nutrients for animals (amino acids) and plants (N, S). Contemporary developments in the management of keratin waste in feeds and fertilizers comply with human and animal health protection regulations and respect the principles of ecological development. Biotechnological methods employing keratinolytic bacteria and microscopic fungi play a key role in processing keratin waste.This study reviews the current knowledge on the ecology and physiology of keratinolytic microorganisms and presents the biodegradation mechanism of native keratin. The structure and chemical composition of keratin proteins are described, and methods of keratin waste biotransformation into products of practical industrial and natural value, especially composts, are discussed.     

钻井废水的生物强化处理简

从受钻井废水污染的土壤样品中筛选菌株进行生物处理实验,确定7株菌进行菌剂配伍。通过正交实验剔除可能有抑制作用的菌株,并确定菌剂各组成菌株的最佳配比,制成复合微生物菌剂。考察5种添加物对菌剂的影响,结果显示,当硫酸铵的添加量为20 mg/L时降解率为60%,高于其他添加物。生物强化实验结果显示,投加菌剂的反应器对钻井废水的平均降解率为42%,比未投加菌剂的对照实验的平均降解率（16%）高,而且耐冲击负荷性和降解性能稳定性优于对照实验。     

Methods Currently Used in Testing Microbiological Degradation and Deterioration of a Wide Range of Polymeric Materials with Various Degree of Degradability: A Review

Biodegradation of polymeric materials affect a wide range of industries, information on degradability can provide fundamental information facilitating design and life-time analysis of materials. Among the methods currently used in testing, traditional gravimetric and respirometric techniques are tailored to readily degradable polymeric materials mostly and polymer blends with biodegradable components, but they are not applicable to the new generation of engineering polymers which are relatively resistant to biodegradation. However, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been tested for monitoring biodeterioration of high strength materials and the technique has very high sensitivity. A wide range of materials including electronic insulation polyimides, fiber-reinforced polymeric composites (FRPCs) and corrosion protective polyurethane coatings have been successfully measured under inoculation of degradative microorganisms using EIS. In addition, the mechanism of degradation of high strength polymers is mainly due to the presence of plasticizers in the polymer matrices. The information on various methods discussed in this review is intended to illustrate a suite of methods for those who are interested in testing biodeterioration of polymeric materials under different environmental conditions and in selecting appropriate techniques for specific applications.