污水处理厂规划中AHP方法的应用

采用层次分析法(Analytic HierarchyProcess,AHP)对中山市某镇污水处理厂建设进行了方案选择模型的建立并寻求方案的优化决策。介绍了某镇具体状况,以AHP法进行优化计算,并针对污水处理系统的具体情况以Fuzzy方法优选出最佳方案。     

Leaching behavior of Pb and Zn in air pollution control residues and their modeling prediction

Increasing attention has been paid to air pollution control （APC） residues in China recently due to the rising proportion of waste incineration and the hazardous characteristics of the residues, among which heavy metal leaching toxicity plays an important role. Leaching behavior and potential risk of Pb and Zn in the APC residues from a Shanghai municipal solid waste （MSW） incinerator was studied, based on the leaching tests under different conditions and theoretical calculation using a geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium model MINTEQA2. Results showed that, extractant species and liquid to solid （L/S） ratio predominantly controlled the leaching toxicity of Pb and Zn, while ionic strength, vibration method and leaching time had less effect on the metals release. Leachate/final pH determined the metal leaching behavior, which changed the speciation of heavy metals in the extraction system. The equilibrium aqueous speciation, precipitation-dissolution of Pb and Zn was investigated according to the model computation, which was well in agreement with the experimental results.     

广西荔浦锰矿废弃地植被及优势植物重金属生物蓄积特征

通过对广西荔浦锰矿废弃地植被的调查,共记录到高等植物32种,隶属31个属,18个科。优势植物包括马唐、蕨、白茅、井栏边草、地桃花、商陆、加拿大飞蓬、石山桂花和板栗等九种。对土壤和植物的Fe、Mn、Cd、Pd和Cu等重金属分析结果表明,土壤中的Fe和Mn最高含量分别达到140221mg.kg-1和12114mg.kg-1。优势植物的分布与土壤中Fe和Mn的含量有关,井栏边草分布区土壤中的Mn含量最高,白茅分布区土壤中Mn含量最低;Fe含量最高的土壤为地桃花分布区,最低为白茅分布区。优势植物对Fe和Mn的生物积累特征表现出较大的差异。加拿大飞蓬和马唐有较强的扩散能力,对Mn也有较高的抗性,可作为锰矿废弃地植被重建的先锋物种;商陆和板栗对Mn有较强的富集能力(叶片锰含量分别达3280mg.kg-1和2510mg.kg-1),可用于Mn污染土壤的植物修复。     

城市生活垃圾填埋场垃圾-土壤-植物中汞含量的分布特征

在贵阳和武汉市的4座城市生活垃圾填埋场,研究了其中的生活垃圾、土壤和植物中的汞含量分布特征。结果显示,城市生活垃圾的汞含量分布极不均匀,浓度为0.170~46.222 mg.kg-1,几何均值0.574 mg.kg-1,一半以上的样品汞含量低于0.5 mg.kg-1,个别含量异常偏高,可能是被混入的含汞废弃产品污染了,而各个填埋场的垃圾汞含量几何均值相差不大。不同垃圾填埋场覆盖土壤的汞含量差异显著,反映了填埋场所在区域的土壤背景值以及垃圾填埋活动对覆盖土壤的污染程度,有时覆盖土壤的汞含量超过区域土壤背景值的2~23倍。填埋场附近的农田土壤存在一定的汞污染迹象。填埋场生长的植物因生活习性的不同汞含量分布特征也不同,无喙齿冠草为叶>根>茎,狗牙根和硬质早熟禾为地下部分>地上部分。随着填埋场运行时间的增长,附近生长的苔藓汞含量不断升高,封闭填埋场种植的玉米果实有一部分汞含量超过了食用标准,这些都说明填埋场的运行会给周围的生态环境带来一定的汞污染风险。     

强风环境非平稳风速模型及应用

提出了强风环境非平稳风速分析模型。该模型将风速记录分解为时变平均风和零均值平稳脉动风分量两部分,给出了经验模型法确定时变平均风的步骤并重新定义了风特性参数的计算公式。分别采用非平稳和平稳风速模型进行了1 851小时实测强风资料的风特性参数计算并做了对比分析。结果显示非平稳模型计算得到的紊流强度和积分尺度较平稳模型小,而平均风速及相干函数的衰减系数则相当接近,非平稳模型较平稳模型更适合描述强风特性。     

Location and Characterization of Emission Sources for Airborne Volatile Organic Compounds Inside a Refinery in Taiwan

This study aimed to locate VOC emission sources and characterized their emitted VOCs. To avoid interferences from vehicle exhaust, all sampling sites were positioned inside the refinery. Samples, taken with canisters, were analyzed by GC–MS according to TO-14 method. The survey period extended from Febrary 2004 to December 2004, sampling twice per season. To interpret a large number of VOC data was a rather difficult task. This study featured using ordinary application software, Excel and Surfer, instead of expensive one like GIS, to overcome it. Consolidating data into a database on Excel facilitated retrieval, statistical analysis and presentation in the form of either table or graph. The cross analysis of the data suggested that the abundant VOCs were alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and cyclic HCs. Emission sources were located by mapping the concentration distribution of these four types of VOCs in terms of contour maps on Surfer. During eight surveys, five emission sources were located and their VOCs were characterized.     

Particulate Matter Over A Seven Year Period in Urban and Rural Areas Within, Proximal and Far from Mining and Power Station Operations in Greece

Lignite mining operations and lignite-fired power stations result in major particulate pollution (fly ash and fugitive dust) problems in the areas surrounding these activities. The problem is more complicated, especially, for urban areas located not far from these activities, due to additional contribution from the urban pollution sources. Knowledge of the distribution of airborne particulate matter into size fraction has become an increasing area of focus when examining the effects of particulate pollution. On the other hand, airborne particle concentration measurements are useful in order to assess the air pollution levels based on national and international air quality standards. These measurements are also necessary for developing air pollutants control strategies or for evaluating the effectiveness of these strategies, especially, for long periods. In this study an attempt is made in order to investigate the particle size distribution of fly ash and fugitive dust in a heavy industrialized (mining and power stations operations) area with complex terrain in the northwestern part of Greece. Parallel total suspended particulates (TSP) and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM10) concentrations are analyzed. These measurements gathered from thirteen monitoring stations located in the greater area of interest. Spatial, temporal variation and trend are analyzed over the last seven years. Furthermore, the geographical variation of PM10 – TSP correlation and PM10/TSP ratio are investigated and compared to those in the literature. The analysis has indicated that a complex system of sources and meteorological conditions modulate the particulate pollution of the examined area.     

核电厂安全文化与发展

核电厂的安全问题必须得到应有的重视.核电厂的安全文化由以下两个方面组成:第1是体制,由单位的政策和管理者的活动所确定;第2是每个人的响应,这些人在上述体制中工作,并从中受益.提出了核安全文化的起源、特性和发展,以及核安全文化的建设与提高.     

石油液化气储配站火灾爆炸危险分析与事故后果评价

对石油液化气储配站火灾爆炸危险因素从危险物质、设计与施工、安全管理等方面进行分析,并进行了重大危险源辨识,对石油液化气泄漏引发蒸气云爆炸事故进行后果评价,并提出了相应的安全对策.     

唐山中厚板厂污水处理回用工程的财务分析

探讨了项目财务评价结果和项目敏感性分析技术的应用方法,为某公司唐山中厚板厂污水处理回用项目融资方案和运营方案的决策提供依据.介绍了唐山中厚板材有限公司废水回收利用工程项目概况;确定了该项目的基础数据,进行财务分析,这是进行后续敏感性分析的基础.对此项目进行敏感性分析,找出影响该项目收益的敏感性因素,为该项目执行时的风险管理提供一定依据.