杭州快速路、主次干道植物群落降噪功能比较研究

城市绿地是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,在改善城市生态系统方面有重要作用。现今交通是城市环境中的主要噪声来源,城市道路绿地是交通噪声治理的有效方式之一。本文选取杭州市西湖区不同等级的三条道路(紫金港路、天目山路和丰潭路)作为研究对象,利用手持噪声测量仪测量实时噪声对不同道路等级和距离的绿地降噪效果进行分析。研究发现,杭州市三条道路存在以下问题:(1)噪声距离道路越远越低,且噪声平均衰减率表明绿地降噪效果为主干道次干道快速路;(2)配置模式为乔木+灌木+地被的绿地植物群落的降噪效果最佳,且乔木和灌木交错的种植形式在降噪效果上优于灌木在前、乔木在后的排列式种植;(3)当道路绿地宽达到15m时,植物群落降噪效果会有大幅度提升,且快速路与次干道在距离为15m处,植物群落降噪能力最佳。     

低水温条件下CAST工艺在城市污水处理厂的应用

本文主要介绍了CAST工艺应用于污水处理厂的工艺流程和相关特点,在低温条件下的运行成果分析,并且探讨了设计和运行过程当中的各种问题,目的就是为北方CAST工艺的城市污水处理厂,在冬季低进水温度的条件下的应用,提供相关的处理措施。     

石墨烯对高等植物幼苗的毒性及机理探究

随着石墨烯产品的广泛应用和潜在的环境释放,其对生态环境的影响已引起广泛关注。为探讨石墨烯对高等植物生长的影响,探究了其对黄瓜幼苗和玉米幼苗生长的影响及其致毒机理。结果表明,水培条件下,不同浓度的石墨烯(10、50、100、500、1 000和2 000 mg·L~(-1))处理植物幼苗15 d后,对植物幼苗的生长具有抑制作用。且随着处理时间和石墨烯浓度的增加,植物幼苗生长的所有指标,包括根/地上部鲜重和干重、根长、根尖数、株高和叶面积均相应降低。另外,黄瓜幼苗比玉米幼苗对石墨烯更加的敏感。进一步研究发现,石墨烯与黄瓜幼苗根部直接接触导致的物理损伤、氧化损伤,以及营养耗竭是其致毒机理。而石墨烯对玉米幼苗的致毒机理包括物理损伤和营养耗竭。本研究为石墨烯的环境风险评价提供了基础数据。     

燃煤电厂烟气中铅的测定方法初探

采用过滤法与吸收法联用的采样方法,测定燃煤电厂烟气中Pb,并通过试验考察4种不同的吸收液和4种不同采样流量对测定的影响。结果表明:0.1 mol/L HNO_3、体积分数为5%的HNO_3+10%的H_2O_2和体积分数为1.6%的HNO_3+2.5%的HCl 3种吸收液均对Pb起到良好的捕集作用,且测定结果相近。采样流量控制在20 L/min吸收效果最好。     

Case study on the catastrophic explosion of a chemical plant for production of m-phenylenediamine

On March 21, in Xiangshui County, Yancheng city, China, a catastrophic explosion occurred at Tianjiayi Chemical Co., Ltd. that caused 78 deaths and injured more than 617 individuals, with a property loss of as much as US$ 100 million. An explosion crater with a diameter of 98 m was generated. An extensive consequence analysis based on the crater size and physical effects for the estimation of the quantity of exploded dinitrobenzene (DNB) was performed. By using the position recorded in the satellite photo and the layout of the plant, the crater site was determined to be located near a warehouse where dinitrobenzene was stored. From the scaling law associating the TNT equivalent with crater diameter, the TNT equivalent of exploded ditrobenzene was determined to be approximately 708 tons. Based on the results of the consequence analysis performed by three methodologies, it can be concluded that the Tianjiayi Chemical Co. warehouse not only stored a substantially large quantity of dinitrobenzene but was also located too close to adjacent structures without an adequate separation distance. Judging by the effect of explosive blast on personnel, a fatality radius was determined to be about 400 m from the explosion center.     

Measuring and analyzing adaptive capacity at management levels of resilient systems

Resilience engineering (RE) is capable of handling disruptive events and controlling their consequences in process industries such as petrochemical plants. This study aims at analyzing the level of adaptive capacity and identifying effective factors on developing adaptive capacity in the organizational structure of process industries. The data of this study were obtained through direct observation and a structured questionnaire in a petrochemical plant. Managers at all levels participated in the survey. Data envelopment analysis (DEA), which is a mathematical approach, was used to compute and analyze the role of the factors contributing to adaptive capacity. The results indicated that reporting safety issues played a central role in enhancing adaptive capacity at all management levels. Both middle management and low-level management emphasized the importance of management commitment, whereas top-level management considered flexibility as a vital factor in managing disruptions and reducing accidents. The findings of this study could be useful for managers and other decision-makers to improve safety in process industries.     

城市污水处理厂出水低浓度污染物的生物降解研究

由于城市污水处理厂出水中含有的低浓度污染物的性能稳定而不易被去除,为探索一种快速、直接的低浓度污染物的深度处理方法,通过采用富二价阳离子斜发沸石作载体的生物沸石曝气滤池对某城市污水厂二级处理出水中的低浓度污染物的去除进行了实验研究,研究结果表明,当污水厂二级处理出水水质年平均指标NH3-N、COD、BOD5、TP及浊度分别为27.4 mg/L、57.2 mg/L、20.4 mg/L、1.7 mg/L和16 NTU时,采用两级生物沸石曝气滤池串联工艺,在第一级生物沸石曝气滤池装填3 m生物沸石,水力停留时间1 h,气水比为2∶1;第二级生物沸石曝气滤池装填2 m生物沸石,水力停留时间为0.5 h,气水比为1∶1,最终出水年平均指标NH3-N 0.13 mg/L、COD 7.55 mg/L(CODMn)、BOD50.78 mg/L、TP0.6 mg/L、浊度为0.13 NTU,出水水质可满足热力发电厂循环冷却补充水的水质要求.此种方法为污水处理厂的出水提供了经济有效的回用途径。     

Sources of anthropogenic radionuclides in the environment: a review

Studies of radionuclides in the environment have entered a new era with the renaissance of nuclear energy and associated fuel reprocessing, geological disposal of high-level nuclear wastes, and concerns about national security with respect to nuclear non-proliferation. This work presents an overview on sources of anthropogenic radionuclides in the environment, as well as a brief discussion of salient geochemical behavior of important radionuclides. We first discuss the following major anthropogenic sources and current developments that have lead, or could potentially contribute, to the radionuclide contamination of the environment: (1) nuclear weapons program; (2) nuclear weapons testing; (3) nuclear power plants; (4) uranium mining and milling; (5) commercial fuel reprocessing; (6) geological repository of high-level nuclear wastes that include radionuclides might be released in the future, and (7) nuclear accidents. Then, we briefly summarize the inventory of radionuclides ⁹⁹Tc and ¹²⁹I, as well as geochemical behavior for radionuclides ⁹⁹Tc, ¹²⁹I, and ²³⁷Np, because of their complex geochemical behavior, long half-lives, and presumably high mobility in the environment; biogeochemical cycling and environment risk assessment must take into account speciation of these redox-sensitive radionuclides.     

燃煤电厂的可吸入颗粒物排放

简要分析了燃煤过程中可吸入颗粒物的形成机理,指出燃煤电厂对可吸入颗粒物的贡献及目前控制可吸入颗粒物排放措施的局限性,提出电厂在脱硫的同时应控制可吸入颗粒物等污染物的排放。     

城市垃圾焚烧渗沥液中Ca2＋对厌氧EGSB处理效果的影响

研究了城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗沥液中Ca2＋对厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器（EGSB）处理效果的影响,并采用静态实验方法考察了Ca2＋对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷活性的影响。实验结果表明,进水COD为17000mg／L的条件下,当Ca2＋浓度低于6000mg／L时,EGSB对COD去除率达93％以上;当Ca2＋浓度高于6000mg／L时,COD去除率随运行时间明显下降,并在污泥中形成大量沉淀。静态实验结果表明,废水中低浓度Ca2＋促进了厌氧颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性,但高浓度Ca2＋明显抑制了其产甲烷活性,这是导致高Ca2＋浓度条件下EGSB对COD去除率降低的主要原因。研究表明,颗粒污泥产甲烷活性恢复程度随Ca2＋浓度增加而减弱。