广东省药物活性化合物的污染特征及生态风险评价

随着药物活性化合物(PhACs)的大量生产和使用,PhACs已成为环境中的一类新污染物.为了调查PhACs在广东省的污染特征,采集了全广东省21个城市,包括178个乡镇及行政区,共186个污水厂的原始污水.采用全自动固相萃取仪和高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用仪,分析了污水厂进水中10种典型PhACs的污染水平,全面揭示了PhACs在广东省的空间分布特征,并对PhACs的潜在生态风险进行评价.调查结果表明,全部污水厂均有PhACs检出,各污水厂进水中∑PhACs质量浓度范围为21.00～9 558.25 ng·L^-1,其中美托洛尔、对乙酰氨基酚、苯扎贝特和咖啡因是广东省污水厂进水中的主要污染物.在空间分布上,广东省各区域∑PhACs质量浓度平均值呈现出珠三角>粤北>粤东≈粤西的分布特征.根据污水厂的处理工艺,对∑PhACs质量浓度超过2 500 ng·L^-1的污水厂的出水质量浓度进行估算,并根据估算的出水进行PhACs的生态风险评价.结果表明,广东省PhACs的生态风险较低,苯扎贝特在韶关、江门和深圳呈现出中风险,∑PhACs生态...     

Effect of acid solutions on plants studied by the optical beam deflection method

The optical beam deflection method was applied to study the effects of acid solution on both a terrestial and aquatic plants Egeria and Cerastium, which are common aquatic plant and terrestial weed respectively. A probe beam from a He-Ne laser was passed through a vicinity of a leaf of the plants, which were put in culture dishes filled with acid solutions. Deflection signals of the probe beam were monitored and compared for acid solutions with different pH values. The results of Egria showed that the deflection signals changed dramatically when pH values of acid solutions were 2.0 and 3.0, while little at pH of 4.0 and 5.0. For Cerastium when pH were below 3.0, deflection signals changed greatly with time at the begining. After a certain period of time, deflection signals changed little with time. When pH value was above 4.0, deflection signals of Cerastium were still changing with time even after 20 hours. The results suggested that the damage threshold of pH was between 3.0 and 4.0 for both the land and aquatic plants.     

Screening of endophytic bacteria against fungal plant pathogens

Bacterial endophytes were found from 6 plant leaves among 35 plant leaves screened. Two of the isolated bacteria showed antagonistic activity against fungal plant pathogens. An isolate named KL1 showed the clear inihibition against plant pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani, on PDA as well as TSA plate. Supernatant of the bacterial culture also showed the clear inhibition against the fungal growth on the plate and the antibiotic substance was identified as iturin A by HPLC analysis. KL1 was identified as Bacillus sp. from the 16S rRNA gene analysis. Very thin hyphae of R. solani was miccroscopically observed when the fungus was co-cultivated with KL1.     

Combined effects of cadmium and fluoranthene on germination, growth and photosynthesis of soybean seedlings

The single and combinational effects of cadmium (Cd) and fluoranthene (FLT) on germination, growth and photosynthesis of soybean seedlings were investigated. Exposure to 5, 10, or 15 mg Cd/L or 1, 5, or 10 mg FLT/L individually or in combination significantly decreased germination vigor (3 days) and final germination rate of soybean seeds, except at 1 and 5 mg FLT/L. The results of two-way ANOVA analysis and the Bliss independence model showed that at lower concentrations of FLT (1 mg/L), the interaction between Cd and FLT on germination was antagonistic, whereas the interaction was synergistic when the concentration of FLT was 5 or 10 mg/L and the concentration of Cd was 15 mg/L. Growth, expressed as dry weight, length of shoot and root, leaf area, and photosynthesis, expressed as net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, chlorophyll contents and fluorescence of soybean seedlings were also reduced by exposure to 5 or 10 mg Cd/L or 1 or 5 mg FLT/L, singly or jointly. Significant antagonistic effects of exposure to 5 or 10 mg Cd/L or 1 or 5 mg FLT/L on shoot growth and photosynthesis were observed, whereas synergy and antagonism of Cd and FLT were both observed for root growth.     

燃煤电厂烟尘铅排放状况外场实测研究

选取30台燃煤电厂锅炉开展燃料铅含量及烟尘铅排放浓度的系列外场测试.结果表明,燃煤电厂燃料铅含量均值为8.50 mg·kg-1,烟尘铅平均排放浓度为0.0081 mg·m-3,排放因子为0.0643 g·t-1.不同机组容量及有无选择性催化还原(SCR)装置状况下烟尘铅排放因子无显著性差异(p＞0.1),不同除尘设施类型下烟尘铅排放因子有显著性差异(p＜0.1),布袋除尘(Fiber Filter,FF)电厂烟尘铅排放因子低于静电除尘(Electrostatic Precipitator,ESP)电厂.本研究中铅排放因子低于国内估算值,与AP 42燃煤电厂铅排放因子处于同一水平.基于本研究排放因子计算的全国2011年燃煤电厂烟尘铅排放量为126.76 t.     

化石燃料电厂CO2俘获方案研究

论述了CO2俘获的重要性和紧迫性,介绍了4种适用于化石燃料电厂的CO2俘获方案：煤粉燃烧中的CO2分离和俘获处理、气化CO2分离和俘获处理、氧燃烧CO2分离和俘获处理和化学环燃烧处理。     

田间施用锌肥对小麦籽粒镉累积的影响及施用风险

锌（Zn）和镉（Cd）的交互作用是近年来小麦Cd污染防治的重要研究方向.以华北地区典型小麦田为研究对象,通过田间试验,探究Zn肥对土壤-小麦系统Cd污染的控制效果和施用风险.结果表明,低用量Zn处理下,济源和开封两地小麦籽粒Cd含量均呈下降趋势,与对照相比下降幅度分别为33.4%和25.3%.高用量Zn处理下,两地小麦籽粒Cd含量不降反升,与低用量Zn处理下小麦籽粒Cd含量相比增幅为22.4%和34.2%.施Zn后两地土壤Zn总量和有效态含量均有显著升高,且造成了土壤Cd的部分活化.典型相关分析（CCA）显示,当土壤ω（Zn）小于200 mg ·kg^-1时,土壤Zn是土壤-小麦系统Cd富集的主要影响因子,而当土壤ω（Zn）大于200 mg ·kg^-1时,土壤Cd的活化是影响小麦籽粒Cd富集的主要原因.回归分析显示土壤Cd/Zn降至0.0089时（低用量Zn）,Zn和Cd表现出拮抗效应,土壤Cd/Zn降至0.0078时（高用量Zn）,Zn和Cd表现出协同效应.针对区域Cd污染特征,调整Zn肥用量可以提高污染防治效率并避免加剧Cd污染危害.     

Drivers of microbial beta-diversity in wastewater treatment plants in China

As one of the most well-documented biogeographic patterns, the distance-decay relationship provides insights into the underlying mechanisms driving biodiversity distribution. Although wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are well-controlled engineered ecosystems, this pattern has been seen among microbial communities in activated sludge (AS). However, little is known about the relative importance of environmental heterogeneity and dispersal limitation in shaping AS microbial community across China; especially they are related to spatial scale and organism types. Here, we assessed the distance-decay relationship based on different spatial scales and microbial phylogenetic groups by analyzing 132 activated sludge (AS) samples across China comprising 3,379,200 16S rRNA sequences. Our results indicated that the drivers of distance-decay pattern in China were scale-dependent. Microbial biogeographic patterns in WWTPs were mainly driven by dispersal limitation at both local and national scales. In contrast, conductivity, SRT, and pH played dominant roles in shaping AS microbial community compositions at the regional scale. Turnover rates and the drivers of beta-diversity also varied with microorganism populations. Moreover, a quantitative relationship between dispersal limitation ratio and AS microbial turnover rate was generated. Collectively, these results highlighted the importance of considering multiple spatial scales and micro-organism types for understanding microbial biogeography in WWTPs and provided new insights into predicting variations in AS community structure in response to environmental disturbance.     

低温环境下人工湿地植物组配对养殖废水的处理效果研究

强化低温环境下人工湿地的污水处理能力,对于促进人工湿地的应用推广具有重要的意义。本研究利用绿狐尾藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)和菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)两种湿地植物,在室外低温环境下(＜15℃),研究人工湿地植物组配对不同负荷养殖废水的处理效应及关键影响因素。结果表明,在不种、单种和不同顺序混种绿狐尾藻(M.aquaticum)和菖蒲(A.calamus L.)处理下,菖蒲+绿狐尾藻组合湿地(AM)对TN、TP和COD去除率均为最高,在低负荷和高负荷环境下平均去除率分别为74.2%、71.3%、83.0%和67.3%、81.9%、75.3%。相较于空白对照和植物单种的湿地系统,植物混种系统的DO较高,且AM处理在低负荷和高负荷环境下均能保持较高的C∶N。根据Pearson相关性以及PCA分析,DO与TN、NH⁺₄-N去除率显著相关(P<0.05),C∶N与COD去除关联性最好。可见,菖蒲+绿狐尾藻植物组合可能通过改善DO和C∶N等湿地微环境条件来增强湿地对污染物的去除,能够作为低温环境下强化湿地对污染物去除的一种有效措施。     

Assessing the “design paradox” with life cycle assessment: A case study of a municipal solid waste incineration plant

One of the most important processes in an integrated waste management system is incineration, which, among the different waste management disposal options still remains a critical waste treatment system. New dynamics and approaches have to be developed to embrace such a wide and complex topic, and better knowledge and assessment of incineration are strategically significant to define future environmental scenarios.Life cycle assessment (LCA), as a tool to optimise process-operating conditions and to support decision-making process, is often applied to investigate processes under design in various sectors, since choices made in the development phases can affect the future environmental profile. However, even if the greatest opportunity to improve a process from an environmental perspective is during the design phase, at the same time the knowledge is limited, in accordance with the so-called “design paradox”.Thus, in this context, this study used LCA methodology to quantitatively assess the extent to which the environmental impact of an incineration line reflects the environmental burdens perceived during the design phase. A comparative LCA was conducted at the design phase and under operating conditions at an Italian municipal solid waste incineration plant.The outcomes of the study indicated that for almost all of the categories analysed, the impacts associated with the process under design overestimated the impacts associated with the operating process, with the exception of climate change and water depletion. The results suggested that after the conduction of an LCA at the design phase of a process, an LCA of the operative conditions should be carried out to verify how much the over- or under-estimations affected the results.