中国草地生态系统碳储量及碳过程研究进展

草地为陆地生态系统的主体,是陆地上最主要的碳储库和碳吸收汇之一。近年来,随着“草原承包责任制”、“退耕还林还草”和“封育禁牧”等重大生态工程项目的实施及草地生态系统的恢复和草地生产力的提升,草地生态系统碳储量、固持潜力、土壤碳循环机制及稳定性机制越来越受到学术界的关切。文章全面综述了近年来我国草地生态系统碳储量及其碳过程的研究工作,总结了不同研究中,我国不同草地类型碳库的特征及其储量、分析了草地生态系统碳过程等,评述了土壤碳过程相关科学问题的研究进展,指出了当前草地生态系统土壤碳储量及碳过程的研究进展、存在的问题,分析了未来草地生态系统土壤碳研究的重点研究方向和发展趋势。研究表明：草地生态系统在调节碳循环和减缓全球气候变化中起着重要作用。但是,由于草地类型的多样性、结构的复杂性以及草地对干扰和变化环境响应的时空动态变化,至今对草地生态系统碳储量和变率的科学估算,以及草地生态系统土壤关键碳过程及其稳定性维持机制的认识还十分有限,随着高分辨率的MODIS、TM数据、数学模型及不同草地类型实测点的建立,以及通过枯落物碳库将植物碳库与土壤碳库的有机连接,草地生态系统的土壤碳储量及固持潜力取得了重要进展;土壤有机碳来源、组成,有机碳化学结构以及环境因子是影响土壤有机碳稳定性的重要因素,而固体赫兹共振、碳同位素示踪等对破解有机碳稳定性提供了重要手段。未来,还将进一步厘清草地生态系统土壤固碳的驱动机制,构建草地生态系统土壤固碳量化方法体系等。     

黄顶菊（Flaveriabidentis）入侵对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

外来植物入侵对土壤生物多样性的影响已成为生态学领域的研究热点之一。运用Biolog技术和氯仿熏蒸浸提法研究了黄顶菊入侵对土壤微生物群落功能多样性及土壤微生物量的影响。结果表明,黄顶菊入侵后土壤微生物代谢活性显著升高;土壤微生物群落平均吸光值（4WCD）的变化趋势为：入侵地根际土（RPs）〉入侵地根围土（Bs）〉未入侵地（CK）,且差异显著;而CK的功能多样性指数（日）高于BS,RPS亦高于Bs,差异均显著（P〈O．05）。主成分分析结果表明,黄顶菊入侵使土壤微生物群落的碳源利用方式和代谢功能发生改变。对不同碳源利用的分析结果表明,糖类、氨基酸类、羧酸类和聚合物为土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。入侵样地Bs和RPS的微生物量碳分别比CK高27．05％、121．52％;BS和RPS的微生物量氮分别比CK高37．40％、79．80％。相关性分析表明,AWCD与微生物量碳和微生物量氮均呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）。由此可知,黄顶菊入侵增强了入侵地土壤微生物代谢活性,降低了土壤微生物群落的功能多样性,增加了土壤微生物量碳、氮水平。     

Cadmium pollution enhanced ozone damage to winter wheat: biochemical and physiological evidences

Combined e ects of ozone (O3) and cadmium (Cd) on growth and physiology of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. JM22) were determined. Wheat plants were grown without or with Cd and exposed to charcoal-filtered air (< 10 ppb O3) or elevated O3 (80 5 ppb, 7 hr/day) for 20 days. Results showed that O3 considerably depressed light saturated net photosynthetic rate (–20%), stomatal conductance (–33%), chlorophyll content (–33%), and total biomass (–29%) without Cd. The corresponding decreases were further enhanced by 45%, 56%, 60% and 59%, respectively with Cd, indicating a synergistic e ect of O3 and Cd on wheat. Ozone significantly increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (46%), catalase (48%) and peroxidase (56%). However, great increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) content (2.55 folds) and intercellular CO2 concentration (1.13 folds) were noted in O3+Cd treatment compared to control. Our findings demonstrated that the increased anti-oxidative activities in wheat plants exposed to O3+Cd might not be enough to overcome the adverse e ects of the combination of both pollutants as evidenced by further increase in MDA content, which is an important indicator of lipid peroxidation. Precise prediction model on O3 damages to crop should be conducted to ensure agricultural production security by considering environmental constraints in an agricultural system in peri-urban regions.     

Characteristic and correlation analysis of influent and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants in Taihu Basin

Poor biodegradability and insufficient carbon source are discovered from influent. Influent indices presented positively normal distribution or skewed distribution. Average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin was as high as 0.458 kWh/m³. Energy consumption increases with the increase in influent volume and COD reduction. The total energy consumption decreases with the NH₃-N reduction. The water quality and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Taihu Basin were evaluated on the basis of the operation data from 204 municipal WWTPs in the basin by using various statistical methods. The influent ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total nitrogen (TN) of WWTPs in Taihu Basin showed normal distribution, whereas chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), suspended solid (SS), and total phosphorus (TP) showed positively skewed distribution. The influent BOD₅/COD was 0.4%–0.6%, only 39.2% SS/BOD₅ exceeded the standard by 36.3%, the average BOD₅/TN was 3.82, and the probability of influent BOD₅/TP>20 was 82.8%. The average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin in 2017 was 0.458 kWh/m³. The specific energy consumption of WWTPs with a daily treatment capacity of more than 5 × 10⁴ m³ in Taihu Basin was stable at 0.33 kWh/m³. A power function relationship was observed between the reduction in COD and NH₃-N and the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction, and the higher the pollutant reduction is, the lower the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction presents. In addition, a linear relationship existed between the energy consumption of WWTPs and the specific energy consumption of influent volume and pollutant reduction. Therefore, upgrading and operation with less energy consumption of WWTPs is imperative and the suggestions for Taihu WWTPs based on stringent discharge standard are proposed in detail.     

Municipal wastewater treatment in China: Development history and future perspectives

The history of China’s municipal wastewater management is revisited. The remaining challenges in wastewater sector in China are identified. New concept municipal wastewater treatment plants are highlighted. An integrated plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery is envisaged. China has the world’s largest and still growing wastewater sector and water market, thus its future development will have profound influence on the world. The high-speed development of China’s wastewater sector over the past 40 years has forged its global leading treatment capacity and innovation ability. However, many problems were left behind, including underdeveloped sewers and sludge disposal facilities, low sustainability of the treatment processes, questionable wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge standards, and lacking global thinking on harmonious development between wastewater management, human society and the nature. Addressing these challenges calls for fundamental changes in target design, policy and technologies. In this mini-review, we revisit the development history of China’s municipal wastewater management and identify the remaining challenges. Also, we highlight the future needs of sustainable development and exploring China’s own wastewater management path, and outlook the future from several aspects including targets of wastewater management, policies and technologies, especially the new concept WWTP. Furthermore, we envisage the establishment of new-generation WWTPs with the vision of turning WWTP from a site of pollutant removal into a plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery and an integrated part urban ecology in China.     

膜吸收法脱除电厂模拟烟气中的CO2

以氨基乙酸钾、一乙醇胺和甲基二乙醇胺水溶液为吸收液,研究了聚丙烯膜接触器分离模拟烟气中CO₂的技术.分析了气液流速、吸收剂浓度、烟气CO₂浓度和吸收液CO₂负荷等对传质速率和脱除率的影响.结果表明:1mol·L^-1MEA在流速0.1m·s^-1,烟气流速0.211m·s^-1时,CO₂传质速率高达7.1mol·(m²·s)^-1;1mol·L^-1氨基乙酸钾在流速0.05m·s^-1,烟气流速0.211m·s^-1时,脱除率为93.2%;4mol·L^-1氨基乙酸钾在同样条件下脱除率达98%;而且在试验的较广烟气CO₂浓度范围内,氨基乙酸钾CO₂脱除率保持在90%以上.试验证明膜吸收法既适合目前最为普遍的PF和NGCC烟道气脱除CO₂,也是一种应用广泛、有良好发展前景的CO₂分离法.     

污水处理厂恶臭污染物的工程治理

介绍了某纺织公司水质净化中心厂区恶臭污染物的治理方案。恶臭气体主要是H2S,质量浓度达6．0mg/m^3。将臭气引至除臭塔,塔内设嚣填料。挣化后的气体达到了GB1455-93中的二级标准0．06mg／m^3。     

Impacts of advanced treatment processes on elimination of antibiotic resistance genes in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

The distributions of ARGs were monitored in a WWTP in Harbin during six months. CASS had the best removal efficacy of ARGs compared to other processes in the WWTP. UV disinfection could effectively control the HGT. AGAC significantly remove ARGs and organics due to its high absorption capacity. Combination of ozone and AGAC significantly improve removal of ARGs and organics. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose a serious threat to public health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are essential for controlling the release of ARGs into the environment. This study investigated ARG distribution at every step in the treatment process of a municipal WWTP located in Harbin for six consecutive months. Changes in ARG distribution involved in two advanced secondary effluent treatment processes, ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, were analyzed. Biological treatment resulted in the highest ARG removal (0.76–1.94 log reduction), followed by ultraviolet (UV) disinfection (less than 0.5-log reduction). Primary treatment could not significantly remove ARGs. ARG removal efficiency increased with an increase in the ozone dose below 40 mg/L. However, amorphous GAC (AGAC) adsorption with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 h showed better removal of ARGs, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) than ozonation at a 60 mg/L dose. UV treatment could efficiently reduce the relative ARG abundance, despite presenting the lowest efficiency for the reduction of absolute ARG abundance compared with GAC and ozone treatments. The combination of ozone and AGAC can significantly improve the removal of ARGs, TOC, TN and TP. These results indicate that a treatment including biological processing, ozonation, and AGAC adsorption is a promising strategy for removing ARGs and refractory organic substances from sewage.     

新疆博格达山北坡表土花粉散布特征

基于博格达山北坡68个表土样品花粉组合特征,对比植物群落样方调查结果,借助聚类分析、主成分分析方法,探讨了表土花粉组合与现代植被分布的关系。研究表明,(1)博格达山北坡表土花粉可划归5个不同植被带,湿度是影响其分布的主要因素,藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、蒿属(Artemisia)、云杉属(Picea)花粉分布受气流影响显著,忽略它们对其他植被带花粉组合的干扰,表土花粉与现代植被分布对应良好。各植被带均有其特有的花粉组合方式,山地荒漠带藜科-蒿属组合占绝对优势,山地草原带演替为蒿属-藜科-禾本科(Poaceae)-蔷薇科(Rosaceae)组合,山地森林带以云杉属-桦木属(Betula)-蒿属-藜科-禾本科为主,高山草甸带以蒿属-云杉属-藜科-莎草科(Cyperaceae)组合为特征,高山垫状植被带表现为蒿属-藜科-蔷薇科-云杉属组合。(2)草本植物花粉含量(62.7%)优势明显,乔、灌木(37.3%)次之。蒿属(23.1%)、藜科(21.5%)、云杉属(18.1%)、莎草科(9.4%)、禾本科(8.6%)、桦木属(5.7%)、蔷薇科(5.3%)等科(属)含量高、变幅大,为最主要的花粉类型,可作为古气候研究的重要依据,藜科、蒿属产量大、易传播,表现出超代表性,云杉属代表性较好,莎草科则受自身结构及保存条件等多重因素影响呈低代表性。(3)蒿属/藜科(A/C)比值不仅能将山地荒漠带、山地草原带区分开,还能指示研究区域湿度变化,古环境重建时可作为区域有效湿度的代用指标。     

Composition,dispersion, and health risks of bioaerosols in wastewater treatment plants: A review

• Bioaerosols are produced in the process of wastewater biological treatment. • The concentration of bioaerosol indoor is higher than outdoor. • Bioaerosols contain large amounts of potentially pathogenic biomass and chemicals. • Inhalation is the main route of exposure of bioaerosol. • Both the workers and the surrounding residents will be affected by the bioaerosol. Bioaerosols are defined as airborne particles (0.05–100 mm in size) of biological origin. They are considered potentially harmful to human health as they can contain pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review summarizes the most recent research on the health risks of bioaerosols emitted from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in order to improve the control of such bioaerosols. The concentration and size distribution of WWTP bioaerosols; their major emission sources, composition, and health risks; and considerations for future research are discussed. The major themes and findings in the literature are as follows: the major emission sources of WWTP bioaerosols include screen rooms, sludge-dewatering rooms, and aeration tanks; the bioaerosol concentrations in screen and sludge-dewatering rooms are higher than those outdoors. WWTP bioaerosols contain a variety of potentially pathogenic bacteria, fungi, antibiotic resistance genes, viruses, endotoxins, and toxic metal(loid)s. These potentially pathogenic substances spread with the bioaerosols, thereby posing health risks to workers and residents in and around the WWTP. Inhalation has been identified as the main exposure route, and children are at a higher risk of this than adults. Future studies should identify emerging contaminants, establish health risk assessments, and develop prevention and control systems.