集约化种植区硝态氮在土壤剖面中的分布与累积特征

采用GPS定位、土钻取样的方法,在北京市大兴区14个乡镇的农田土壤中选取了91个土壤剖面,分别在0～20cm、20～40cm、40～60cm、60～80cm4个不同深度取得土壤样品,并在一次种植期结束后,综合考虑种植类型和土壤质地后选取24个重复取样点.在此基础上,分析了种植类型及土壤质地对硝态氮分布及累积情况的影响.结果表明,研究区土壤中的硝态氮含量有随土壤深度的增加呈降低的趋势.露地菜田和设施菜田最容易出现硝态氮淋洗现象,果园和粮田的总体状况较好,但粮田个别地区有一定的污染风险,细质地土壤具有较强的保水保肥能力.大兴区采育镇及长子营镇地区有较高的硝态氮累积量,为硝态氮淋洗污染危险区,应进行合理施肥,以免在一个种植期结束后造成较深层土壤中硝态氮的累积.研究结果可为大兴区地下水环境保护提供参考.     

海洋工程用新型牺牲阳极设计与性能研究(Ⅴ)——导管架平台阴极保护设计探讨

目的 针对不同设计使用年限的导管架平台,通过对比新型阳极和常规阳极用量来评价新型阳极的优势和不足。方法 针对设计寿命15年和30年的导管架平台,计算满足不同阶段保护电流需求的新型阳极和常规阳极的需求量。结果 当导管架平台设计年限较短,比如15年,牺牲阳极用量由初期保护电流需求量决定,新型阳极的使用可以达到节约阳极用量的目的。当设计年限较长,比如30年,牺牲阳极用量则由维持电流需求量决定,采用新型阳极并不能节约阳极用量。结论 并非所有设计年限的导管架平台使用新型阳极都能达到节约用量的目的,具体要根据实际计算结果而定。     

铜仁土壤-水稻重金属积累效应与安全种植区划

铜仁市有色金属矿业活动频繁,为了解贵州省铜仁地区土壤-水稻重金属积累与迁移转化状况,开展水稻安全种植区划,共采集水田土壤和相应稻米样品230组,并测试重金属和土壤理化性质等.通过单因子指数法对稻米样品进行评价,并结合土壤环境质量和食品污染物限量提出安全种植区划方法.结果表明:①水田土壤pH在4.4～7.9之间,ω(As)、ω(Cd)、ω(Cu)、ω(Hg)、ω(Ni)和ω(Zn)平均值分别为 12.94、0.343、30.53、3.869、30.32和 110.0 mg-kg-1,其中 As、Cd、Hg 和 Zn与环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准中的筛选值相比,超标11.7％、10.9％、53.0％和3.04％.②稻米中ω(As)、ω(Cd)、ω(Cu)、ω(Hg)、ω(Ni)和 a(Zn)的表征值为0.056、0.017、1.445、0.010、0.215和 17.59 mg·kg-1;与国家食品安全标准(GB 2762-2017)相比,稻米样品中As、Cd和Hg含量超标达15.7％、3.04％和19.1％.其As超标点位主要集中分布于松桃县,Hg主要分布于碧江和万山区.③稻米富集系数大小顺序为:Zn＞Cd＞Cu＞Hg＞As=Ni,稻米对于Zn的吸收富集能力最强.④研究区大部分区域均属于优先保护类,安全利用类集中分布在铜仁东部,严格管控类零星分布于碧江区、万山区和江口县等地.结果表明,铜仁市部分地区土壤存在重金属污染,同时水稻的安全种植也存在一定风险.     

甜龙竹不同种植年限对土壤真菌群落的影响

为探究甜龙竹(Dendrocalamus brandisii)种植年限对土壤真菌群落的影响,以不同种植年限(5、 10、 20和40 a)甜龙竹土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术和FUNGuild功能预测相结合的研究方法,分析不同种植年限下甜龙竹土壤真菌群落结构、多样性和功能的差异,揭示驱动土壤真菌群落变化的主要土壤环境因子.结果表明,土壤真菌在门水平上的优势群落为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)和毛霉菌门(Mucoromycota);被孢霉门的相对丰度随着种植年限的增加先降低后升高,在不同种植年限差异显著(P<0.05).在纲水平上的优势群落为粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes)、伞菌纲(Agaricomycetes)、散囊菌纲(Eurotiomycetes)和被孢霉纲(Mortierellomycetes);粪壳菌纲和座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes)的相对丰度随着种植年限的增加先降低后升高,在不同种植年限差异显著(P<0.01).土壤真菌Richness指数和Shan...     

Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC)-based prenatal diagnosis for tuberous sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is a frequent autosomal-dominant condition (affecting 1 in 6000 individuals) caused by various mutations in either the hamartin (TSC1) or the tuberin gene (TSC2). This allelic and non-allelic heterogeneity makes genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis difficult, especially as a significant proportion of TSC cases are due to de novo mutations. For this reason the identification of the disease causing mutation is mandatory for accurate counseling, yet current mutation detection methods such as single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) or denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) are labor intensive with limited detection efficiency. Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) is a high-throughput, semi-automated mutation detection system with a reported mutation detection rate close to 100% for PCR fragments of up to 800 bp. We used a recently described DHPLC assay allowing the efficient detection of mutations in TSC1 to analyze the DNA extracted from a chorion villus sample in order to perform a prenatal diagnosis for TSC. The fetus was found not to have inherited the deleterious mutation and the DHPLC diagnosis was confirmed by haplotype analysis. This represents the first DHPLC-based prenatal diagnosis of a genetic disease. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The spatiotemporal structure of population in the Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)

The spatiotemporal structure of the muskrat population has been studied by means of the prenatal radioactive marking of juveniles with 45 Ca and their subsequent recapture in the test area. The muskrat population is characterized by a cyclic type of spatial structure, with seasonal transition from a mosaic type of settling to a diffuse type and, after the breeding season, vice versa.     

The characteristic of in situ stress in outburst area of China

In order to obtain the characteristics of in situ stress field in outburst mining area, using the hollow inclusion (HI) technique to measure the in situ stress of coal and gas outburst mining area. The measurement sites located in northeast, middle and east of china, which include eight mining areas such as Fuxin, Pingdingshan, Hebi and Huainan. Base on the analysis of measurement data from outburst mining area, conclusions could be obtained as follow: (a) major principal stress and minor principal stress is horizontal stress and interim principal stress is vertical stress, and the type of outburst area’s stress field is dynamic stress field; (b) the major principal stress and minor principal stress are higher than other regions and the tectonic stress is outstanding; and (c) the ratio of major principal and vertical stress is decrease with the increase of depth and the type of stress field is likely transfer dynamic to static. Thus, in situ stress plays a key role during the occurring and development of coal and gas outburst, which is an important reason of severe outburst in China.     

不同类型喷头灭火有效性研究

通过实验研究了不同类型喷头对灭木垛火的影响。实验采用了ZSTX和ZSTP两种类型喷头,在不同的水压力下灭木垛火,通过实验现场观测和测得的烟气温度,烟气组分变化来分析对比灭火的效果和对烟气的影响。通过对比分析实验数据,可知ZSTX喷头在0.2MPa的水压力下可以实现灭火,ZSTP喷头在0.4MPa才可以实现灭火。喷淋实现灭火时产生的CO比只能实现控火产生的CO少。     

美国海军工作服发展现状

本文主要介绍了美国海军现用的工作服装种类、服装构成及穿着场合,并与我国海军07式作训服进行了对比分析。     

产酸脱硫反应器中碳硫比对群落生态特征的影响

通过产酸脱硫反应器处理高浓度含硫酸盐废水的连续流试验,从群落动态的角度研究碳硫比(COD/SO₄^2-)从4.2降低到2.0的过程中,pH值、氧化还原电位(ORP)、碱度(ALK)和末端产物(VFAs)组成、优势种群分布等群落生态特征的变化规律试验证明,在此过程中ORP和ALK提高,而pH值和VFAs中乙酸的分布比例降低,群落类型由高碳硫比稳定型转化为低碳硫比亚稳定型,但仍未改变乙酸型顶极群落的典型特征.