单细胞凝胶电泳技术在环境污染物检测中的应用

主要介绍了单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE),包括SCGE的原理、方法及其在环境污染物检测中的应用,该技术可用多种污染物的检测且灵敏度高,具有广阔的应用前景。即SCGE对大气污染物、重金属、醛类及辐射污染的检测,具有高度敏感性,是具有广阔应用前景的新技术。     

难降解有机废水处理新技术

介绍了光氧化法、超临界氧化和低温等离子体化学三种废水处理新技术的原理,国内外研究的现状和未来的发展前景,分析了这些新技术在优化污染物废水处理方面得到工业应用所必须解决的主要技术问题.     

等离子体技术在固体废弃物处理中的应用

简要介绍了等离子体的相关概念及其处理污染物的工作原理，阐述了等离子体技术在固体废弃物治理方面的应用研究概况，并对等离子体在固体废弃物治理中的应用作了市场前景分析，说明了该技术在固体废弃物治理中具有一定的应用前景。     

Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis using linked DNA probes

This paper presents data collected in Europe on 107 prenatal diagnoses of cystic fibrosis (CF) using linked DNA markers. To date, 38 children have been born without CF, as predicted, demonstrating the present rapid move from research to clinical genetic service.     

Archaeological Evidence of Validity of Fish Populations on Unexploited Reefs as Proxy Targets for Modern Populations

Reef‐fish management and conservation is hindered by a lack of information on fish populations prior to large‐scale contemporary human impacts. As a result, relatively pristine sites are often used as conservation baselines for populations near sites affected by humans. This space‐for‐time approach can only be validated by sampling assemblages through time. We used archaeological remains to evaluate whether the remote, uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) might provide a reasonable proxy for a lightly exploited baseline in the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). We used molecular and morphological techniques to describe the taxonomic and size composition of the scarine parrotfish catches present in 2 archaeological assemblages from the MHI, compared metrics of these catches with modern estimates of reproductive parameters to evaluate whether catches represented by the archaeological material were consistent with sustainable fishing, and evaluated overlap between size structures represented by the archaeological material and modern survey data from the MHI and the NWHI to assess whether a space‐for‐time substitution is reasonable. The parrotfish catches represented by archaeological remains were consistent with sustainable fishing because they were dominated by large, mature individuals whose average size remained stable from prehistoric (AD approximately 1400–1700) through historic (AD 1700–1960) periods. The ancient catches were unlike populations in the MHI today. Overlap between the size structure of ancient MHI catches and modern survey data from the NWHI or the MHI was an order of magnitude greater for the NWHI comparison, a result that supports the validity of using the NWHI parrotfish data as a proxy for the MHI before accelerated, heavy human impacts in modern times. Evidencia Arqueológica de la Validez de Poblaciones de Peces en Arrecifes Sin Explotar como Objetivos de Apoderamiento para Poblaciones Actuales     

Level of environmental threat posed by horticultural trade in Cactaceae

Ornamental horticulture has been identified as an important threat to plant biodiversity and is a major pathway for plant invasions worldwide. In this context, the family Cactaceae is particularly challenging because it is considered the fifth most threatened large taxonomic group in the world; several species are among the most widespread and damaging invasive species; and Cactaceae is one of the most popular horticultural plant groups. Based on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna and the 11 largest online auction sites selling cacti, we documented the international cactus trade. To provide an in‐depth look at the dynamics of the industry, we surveyed the businesses involved in the cactus trade in South Africa (a hotspot of cactus trade and invasions). We purchased seeds of every available species and used DNA barcoding to identify species to the genus level. Although <20% of this trade involved threatened species and <3% involved known invasive species, many species were identified by a common name. However, only 0.02% of the globally traded cacti were collected from wild populations. Despite a large commercial network, all South African imports (of which 15% and 1.5% were of species listed as threatened and invasive, respectively) came from the same source. With DNA barcoding, we identified 24% of the species to genus level. Based on our results, we believe that if trade restrictions are placed on the small proportion of cacti that are invasive and there is no major increase in harvesting of native populations, then the commercial trade in cactus poses a negligible environmental threat. However, there are currently no effective methods for easily identifying which cacti are traded, and both the illicit harvesting of cacti from the wild and the informal trade in invasive taxa pose on‐going conservation challenges.     

两相一体式污泥浓缩消化(TISTD)反应器微生物多样性研究

针对课题组开发的两相一体式污泥浓缩消化反应器(TISTD),采用16S rDNA、PCR-TGGE等分子生物学技术,对反应器在不同阶段稳态下的内、外反应室中微生物的多样性和种群结构进行了研究.结果表明:TISTD反应器内外反应室中微生物群落均呈现高度的多样性分布,优势菌群明显,群落结构差异性很大,且外反应室较内反应室具有更多的微生物种群数量,外室是水解酸化的场所,污泥在外室经过微生物的水解酸化后进入内室,内室是严格厌氧的产甲烷场所;从反应器运行的不同时期来看,反应器中微生物优势种群呈现一定的差异,随着反应器负荷的改变,微生物的群落结构和种群数量也呈现出明显的演替过程,优势种群的功能地位处在动态变化中.微生物种群之间通过协同和竞争作用,形成了特定生态位的群落结构.研究结果解释了TISTD反应器同时浓缩和消化的工作机理,并为其推广、应用及优化调控提供了理论基础.     

铜胁迫对不同基因型谷子幼苗基因组DNA多态性的影响

采用室内盆栽土培法,以4种基因型谷子(D2-8、安06、黄米、朝谷)为供试材料,研究了不同浓度Cu2+胁迫对谷子幼苗体内可溶性糖、脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)含量和基因组DNA多态性的影响.结果表明,经50~400 mg·kg-1Cu2+处理30 d后,4种谷子幼苗体内可溶性糖含量与对照相比呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在50 mg·kg-1时达到最大值.当浓度为200mg·kg-1以上时,4种谷子的可溶性糖含量的平均降幅为对照的32.44%~56.5%.脯氨酸则表现为低含量(≤50 mg·kg-1)的促进和高含量(≥100 mg·kg-1)的抑制效应,MDA含量均有增加且与对照差异显著(P<0.05).Cu2+胁迫下不同基因型谷子幼苗基因组DNA的RAPD图谱发生明显变化,表现为单条或多条RAPD谱带的增加和缺失或者荧光强度的改变,细胞中基因组模板DNA的稳定性下降,DNA多态性变化与Cu2+浓度之间存在剂量-效应关系.不同基因型谷子对Cu2+胁迫的生理和遗传损伤响应存在差异.利用RAPD技术获得的DNA多态性变化可作为检测Cu2+遗传毒性效应的生物标记物.     

等离子体催化降解甲苯途径的原位红外研究

考察了在常温常压条件下,等离子体分别协同SiO₂、Al₂O₃、NiO/Al₂O₃降解甲苯的性能,并从材料的介电常数、对甲苯的吸附性及臭氧分解能力等角度分析了不同活性表现的原因,同时,采用原位红外技术研究了甲苯降解过程中催化剂表面吸附物种的变化.结果表明,当甲苯浓度为100 ppm,气体流量为100 mL·min^-1时,一定范围内,甲苯降解率随着能量密度、介电常数、吸附性及臭氧分解能力的提高而提高.甲苯在催化剂表面的吸附对其降解途径有十分重要的影响:在放电区域中加入SiO₂,甲苯仍然在气相中完成降解;而存在Al₂O₃ 及NiO/Al₂O₃时,甲苯氧化成苯甲酸的过程主要发生在催化剂表面,是甲苯催化降解的关键步骤,苯甲酸在活性位点的积累将降低催化剂的反应活性.     

Preparation of MgO/B2O3 coatings by plasma spraying on SUS304 surface and effects of heat-resistant

This study mainly deals with the preparation of MgO/B₂O₃ coatings by plasma spraying on the SUS304 surface and the effects of heatresistant. The power materials of low thermal conductivity were selected to control the heat divergent performance of high temperature parts. The reticular micro-structure between the cover thermal layer and the substrate was prepared by using the plasma spraying method. The powder mixture of MgO and B₂O₃ were selected as spraying materials and the SUS304 was used as the substrate material. The MgO/B₂O₃ coating was prepared on the surface of the SUS304 to provide better cover thermal performance. The properties of the microstructures and the morphologies were studied by Optical Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope, Electron Probe Microanalyzer, and X-ray Diffraction. The results showed that the cover thermal performance has been improved.