基于SPH方法的埋地PE燃气管道挖掘破坏数值模拟研究

为弥补有限元法在埋地燃气管道挖掘破坏研究中的不足,基于光滑粒子流体动力学法（SPH）,建立挖齿-土体-管道相互作用动力学模型,采用FORTRAN编程实现SPH计算程序,并结合算例分析挖齿挖掘过程挖齿-土体-管道实时状态及管道动态响应,最终得到椭圆度、应力应变分布等重要参数。结果表明:SPH方法可有效分析埋地管道挖掘破坏全过程,研究结果为挖齿-土体-管道等多方接触或冲击领域提供新的研究方法。     

基于瓦斯抽采效果的钻孔塑性区范围优化及应用*

为获得最佳瓦斯抽采效果,研究不同钻孔孔径与塑性区范围及抽采效果之间关系,基于弹塑性理论,采用Comsol软件模拟嘉禾矿2254底板巷上穿层钻孔周围煤体塑性区范围分布,修正塑性区半径理论推导公式,得到抽采钻孔混合流量、纯流量和浓度,分析钻孔周围煤体不同塑性区范围下瓦斯抽采效果。结果表明:钻孔孔径越大,塑性区范围越大,抽采钻孔卸压范围越大;若不考虑其他因素,钻孔孔径越大,瓦斯抽采效果越好;通过对比塑性区半径模拟值与计算值,修正塑性区半径公式,该公式适用于浦溪煤矿;随钻孔塑性区范围增加,钻孔瓦斯抽采流量逐渐增加,但瓦斯流量相对钻孔塑性区半径差变化率先增大后减小。研究结果可为提高矿井瓦斯抽采效果提供理论参考。     

基于多故障冲击模型和故障树的PFDavg计算方法研究*

为提高安全仪表功能（SIF）要求时危险失效平均概率（PFDavg）计算结果的精确度,提出1种能准确计算SIF在多重共因失效影响下的PFDavg的数学模型。建立包含多重共因失效的系统失效故障树,然后利用多故障冲击模型区分普通失效率和多重共因失效率,根据瞬时不可用率的定义和故障树的逻辑关系计算出SIF的瞬时不可用率;基于PFDavg的定义,计算出SIF的PFDavg,以某化工企业SIF为例进行验证。结果表明:方法有效考虑了多重共因失效对SIF的影响,通过模型计算出SIF的PFDavg大于基于马尔可夫（Markov）方法的软件计算结果,但二者处于相同的数量级。模型在评估SIF的PFDavg时比传统方法偏保守,能提高安全仪表功能的安全性。     

Bark salicylates and condensed tannins reduce vole browsing amongst cultivated dark-leaved willows (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salix myrsinifolia</Emphasis>)

Summary. Vole feeding amongst herbal willows that have a high concentration of salicylates in their bark and leaves, and may therefore be cultivated for use as raw material for herbal medicine was tested in the field and in laboratory conditions. Eight clones of dark-leaved willow (Salix myrsinifolia Salisb.) were cultivated for two years with six different methods combining three fertilisation levels (none, low and high), black plastic mulch applied for suppressing weed competition and unmulched control. Samples for the laboratory feeding trial were taken from the unfertilised plants during willow winter dormancy and twigs were fed to 16 voles as a multi-choice experiment. The bark area removed was calculated from image analysis of the material left by the voles. The diameter and the bark thickness of the twigs were measured. Concentrations of salicin, salicortin, HCH-salicortin, picein, triandrin, triandrin derivative, gallocatechin, (+)-catechin, luteolin-7-glucoside, hyperin, total condensed tannins and total nitrogen were measured from the twigs fed to voles in the laboratory. Browsing by a natural population of voles amongst winter-dormant willows was measured in the field. In the laboratory, voles browsed on 80% of the twigs and in the field voles browsed on 33% of the twigs. Vole feeding followed similar patterns in the field and in the laboratory experiment; feeding was clearly higher amongst the plants grown in unmulched control compared to those in plastic mulch. The same clones, 1, 2 and 6 were preferred in both experiments. Voles preferred thin twigs to thick ones. Feeding correlated negatively with concentrations of salicylates and tannins. As vole feeding seems to be highly affected by willow cultivation method and plant genotype, careful selection of cultivated clones and cultivation methods can enhance the reliability of herbal willow cultivation.     

基于分子发光的新型多孔塑料光纤传感探头的研究

1　IntroductionOpticalfiberchemicalsensor,whichisdevelopedfromthecombinationofoptical fiberwave guidetechniqueandhighlysensitivemolecularluminescentanalyticalmethod ,hasshownagoodapplicationprospectinenvironmentalauto monitoring .Thefabricationofsensingprobeisthekeytechniqueforopticalfiberchemicalsensor.Althoughconventionalopticalfiberprobes,suchassensingmembraneetal.[1 ]hadbeengreatlydevelopedrecently ,therearestillmanyvitalproblemsneedstobesolved .Suchas (1)theamountofphotosensitiveindicator…     

Bromine in waste incineration partitioning and influence on metal volatilisation

INTENTION, GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: The halogen bromine is far less abundant than chlorine, but it can be found at high concentrations in special materials like flame retarded plastics. The fate and effects of Br in waste incineration are not well understood. It may have similar implications like Cl for the volatilisation of heavy metals and the formation of low volatile organic compounds. Due to its lower oxidation potential, there is a risk of formation of elementary Br2 in the offgas. OBJECTIVE: Co-combustion tests of different types of Br containing plastic waste materials (up to 22%) and MSW in the TAMARA pilot plant for waste incineration were conducted to investigate the Br partitioning and the influence of Br on metal volatilisation. METHODS: The Br inventory of the fuel mix was elevated to approx. 1 wt-%. All input and output mass flows of the furnace have been sampled and the partitioning of Cl, Br, S, and a number of heavy metals, has been calculated on the basis of closed mass balances. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Organically-bound Br was typically released to more than 90% into the raw gas. Elementary Br2 was detected at high Br levels. Its presence was always analysed when all SO2 in the raw gas was oxidised to SO3. Br enhances the volatilisation of metals like K, Zn, Cd, Sn, Sb, and Pb out of the fuel bed principally in the same way as Cl. The tests gave strong indication that the promoting influence of the halogens on metal volatilisation is more pronounced than that of the fuel bed temperature. The volatilised metals are condensated on the fly ashes and are discharged along with the filter ashes. CONCLUSIONS: As long as a surplus of SO2 is present in the raw gas no Br2 is formed. Although the halogen induced transfer out of the fuel bed causes high concentrations of volatile metals in the filter ashes, a recovery is not economically feasible for the time being. The volatilisation gives no rise to metal emission problems as long as efficient dedusting is achieved. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: If there is a risk of Br2 formation, in wet scrubbing a reducing agent has to be added to the neutral scrubber for efficient abatement. Filter ashes should be disposed of in a way that enables access for recovery in the future. The exact volatilisation characteristics of the various metals have to be studied in future using specifically tailored experiments.     

Biodegradation of starch-poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) composites in municipal activated sludge

Injection-molded composites were prepared by blending PHBV⁵ with native cornstarch (30% and 50%) and with cornstarch precoated with PEO as a binding agent. These composites were evaluated for their biodegradability in municipal activated sludge by measuring changes in their physical and chemical properties over a period of 35 days. All composites lost weight, ranging from 45 to 78% within 35 days. Interestingly, the extent and rate of weight loss were quite similar in PHBV composites with no starch, with 30% starch, and with 50% starch. Weight loss was slowest in PHBV blends prepared with PEO-coated starch. For all samples, the weight loss was accompanied by a rapid deterioration in tensile strength and percentage elongation. The deterioration of these mechanical properties exhibited a relative rate of PHBV>starch-PHBV>PEO-coated starch-PHBV. Changes in starch/PHBV composition after biodegradation were quantified by FTIR spectroscopy. Increasing the starch content resulted in more extensive starch degradation, while the PHBV content in the blends became less susceptible to hydrolytic enzymes.The mention of firms names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over firms or similar products not mentioned. All programs and services of the U.S. Department of Agriculture are offered on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, marital status, or handicap.     

基于故障物理的集成控制器电路板可靠性预计

目的实现商用电动汽车集成控制器的可靠性预计与提升,采用应力仿真与故障物理相结合的方法对其关键电路板进行可靠性预计。方法针对集成控制器的数字样机,开展热、振动仿真应力分析,采用故障模式机理及影响分析(FMMEA)方法,分析电路板可能存在的故障模式和故障机理,确定潜在故障模式的故障物理模型。将应力分析结果作为故障物理模型的输入,进行基于故障物理的可靠性预计,寻找设计薄弱环节,并提出改进措施。结果找到了电路板的8个高温器件和热集中区域,振动仿真分析表明,电路板顶端与中心振动强度较大,可能引起疲劳失效,需要给予关注。通过FMMEA分析,得到电路板的主要故障模式为焊点开裂,主要受温度循环影响,造成热疲劳失效。最后采用Coffin-Mason模型,计算得到电路板的平均故障间隔时间为15869 h,找出了电路板的可靠性设计的薄弱环节。结论该方法基于故障物理,相对传统基于手册的可靠性预计方法精度更高,同时能够在产品研制阶段与性能设计并行,通过分析和改进产品设计,达到正向可靠性设计的目的,为新能源汽车领域电子产品的可靠性预计提供新的思路。     

摩擦对高坯料压缩稳定性的影响

采用刚塑性有限元法 ,对高坯料在平模间的压缩过程建立了刚塑性有限元模型并进行数值模拟 ,探讨数值模拟过程中横向扰动力的施加方法 ,对模拟结果进行了分析 ,最终获得了摩擦因子对坯料压缩稳定性的影响规律     

海冰与孤立桩柱碰撞破碎模型

本文对辽东湾冰原冰与孤立桩相互作用过程进行了研究，根据高速率下冰原冰的非开裂挤压脆性破坏过程特点，将整个冰与桩柱相互作用过程分为三个阶段，通过一些适当的简化和假设，提出了这三个不同阶段孤立桩前冰的破碎过程模型，利用此破碎过程模型结合相应的力学模式计算冰与桩柱相互作用力随时间的变化。实测资料与模拟计算值比较，其结果符合较好，因此该破碎过程模型具有较好的可实用性。