我国综合环境试验现状与发展建议

综述了我国现阶段仍存在环境试验标准体系不够完善、综合化程度低、置信度不高等问题,指出综合环境试验能力亟待发展。建议重点从环境工程标准化体系建设、综合环境试验能力建设和以军促民全面发展三个方面发展我国综合环境试验。     

18CrNi4WA 钢渗碳针阀体开裂失效分析

目的研究18CrNi4WA钢渗碳针阀体开裂失效原因。方法通过化学成分分析、断口扫描分析、金相组织分析、能谱分析等测试手段,对18CrNi4WA钢渗碳针阀体的断裂模式及失效原因进行分析。结果针阀体失效件原始材料符合针阀体制造要求,但渗碳淬火温度过高,未得到最优的渗碳层组织,燃油中存在的硫元素导致喷油孔位置产生严重腐蚀,燃油局部压力的变化导致针阀体表面产生空蚀损伤,裂纹起始于喷油孔圆周面,自裂纹源向外发散呈月牙状,为典型疲劳断裂特征。结论腐蚀与空蚀损伤的协同作用加快裂纹的萌生,使针阀体在热疲劳及机械振动等交变载荷的作用下产生疲劳开裂,使用寿命大为降低。     

温度循环下塑封器件可靠性评估分析

目的评估塑封器件的热疲劳寿命和可靠性。方法分析NASA和ECSS空间任务用低等级器件评估标准,针对某型号任务用的两种塑封器件制定了温度循环评估方案。在-55~+125℃进行500次温度循环,配合外观检查、X射线检查、声学扫描显微镜检查、常温测试检测项目。结果 SOP-8(Small Out-line Package)器件评估合格,各项检测试验项目合格,其可靠性寿命满足某型号任务单机载荷2年需求。SOT-23(Small Out-line Transistor Package)器件出现功能失效,分层扩展至整个焊板区域,内部键合丝断裂,电参数失效比例为95%。结论塑封器件评估需要制定有针对性的评估方案,经评估验证,部分塑封器件的可靠性可满足高可靠领域任务需求,兼备高可靠性与高性能。     

碳纤维增强复合材料的中低应变率力学性能试验研究

目的研究碳纤维增强复合材料的中低应变率力学性能。方法利用电子万能试验机和高速液压伺服材料试验机对[(±45°)]4s和[(±45°)]8两种铺层碳纤维增强复合材料进行常温下准静态和中低应变率力学性能试验,得到不同应变率下的应力应变曲线和失效参数。结果在应变率6.7×10-4~500 s-1范围内,两种铺层材料均具有明显的应变率强化效应,材料失效应力随应变率的提高而增大。两种铺层材料均发生纤维断裂失效和局部的分层失效,但[(±45°)]4s铺层发生燕尾形失效,[(±45°)]8铺层发生剪切失效。结论获得了碳纤维增强复合材料在不同应变率下的力学性能参数,可为复合材料飞机结构的抗冲击设计和仿真分析提供准确的材料参数。     

某油气集输管线腐蚀失效分析

目的掌握管道腐蚀机理,有针对性地提出防腐方案。方法现场进行腐蚀管段截取和介质取样,采用腐蚀失效管段管材分析、腐蚀介质成分分析和腐蚀产物分析的试验方法,室内开展管道腐蚀失效原因检测和分析。结果失效管段内表面存在不均匀的沉积物,且部分位置发生了剥离脱落,存在裂缝。管道管材性能满足20#钢的性能指标要求。输送介质矿化度高,Cl-和SO42-含量高。腐蚀产物主要成分是几种Fe的氧化物和氢氧化物,如Fe(OH)2、Fe2O3和Fe O(OH)等,也含有部分氯化物和硫化物。结论管道在介质中主要腐蚀类型为腐蚀产物引起的闭塞腐蚀,介质内含有H2S,在含水条件下管道发生了O2和H2S腐蚀,最终使管壁减薄失效。     

一种高安全、容错控制计算机的设计与实现

在许多工业领域中 ,其控制系统必须是高可靠、高可用和高安全的。根据IEC 6 15 0 8标准 ,1oo2D(oneoutoftwowithdiagnostics)结构满足这些要求。实现 1oo2D结构时 ,每个通道采用双CPU结构 ,通道间同步采用软硬件结合方式 ,硬件数据比较器具备强故障安全特性 ,通道间通信采用高速并行方式 ,自诊断包括内嵌诊断设备、自诊断程序和看门狗。研制了实验原型机 ,进行的功能测试和错误注入测试表明 :其控制功能正常 ,容错性能和安全性能满足工业控制要求     

An Overview on the Mechanical Behaviour of Biodegradable Agricultural Films

The mechanical behavior of various types of biodegradable materials depends, mainly, on their chemical composition and the application conditions. Various additives are added into the bioblends to improve their properties, which sometimes even reach the levels of the conventional plastics. It is well known that the environmental conditions during production, storage, and usage of these materials influence their mechanical properties. Ageing during the useful lifetime also causes great losses in the elongation. In the present paper, the overall mechanical behavior of biodegradable films, which may be considered suitable for agricultural applications, but also of partially biodegradable films, is reviewed and analyzed. Selected critical mechanical properties of films before their exposure to biodegradation are investigated and compared against those of conventional agricultural films.     

Effects of higher-order structure of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) on its biodegradation. II. Effects of crystal structure on microbial degradation

As one of a series of studies concerning the relationship between the higher-order structure and the biodegradability of a biodegradable plastic, the effects of the crystal structure of the plastic on microbial degradation were investigated. Bacterial poly(d-(–)-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) films which had a wide range of crystallinity were prepared by the melt-quenching method. Results of the microbial degradation indicated that the development of crystallinity evidently depressed the microbial degradability. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, it is suggested that the microbial degradation proceeded in at least two manners. One was preferential degradation of the amorphous region leaving the crystalline lamellae intact, which was considered to be a homogeneous enzymatic degradation over the surface. The other was nonpreferential spherical degradation on the surface. The SEMs indicate that the spherical holes were the result of colonization by degrading bacteria. The holes varied in size and number with the change of crystal structure. Therefore, it is considered that the crystal structure of PHB also influenced the physiological behavior of the degrading bacteria on the PHB surface.     

逆Weibull分布环境因子及其统计分析

首先给出了逆Weibull分布环境因子的定义;然后给出了极大似然估计和Bayes估计方法,针对装备试验数据较少的情况,采用Fisher信息阵确定先验分布;最后对不同的估计方法进行了仿真分析,结果表明Bayes估计方法比极大似然估计有更高的精度和更小的偏差.     

导弹橡胶密封件环境失效研究

针对高原荒漠与东南沿海的气候特点,分析了导弹橡胶密封件在温度、湿度、臭氧和盐雾环境下的失效机理,提出了其环境适应性研究的方案;结合部队武器装备使用的现状,提出了在恶劣环境下预防橡胶密封件失效的措施.