水库溃坝应急仿真关键技术综述

鉴于水库行业的特殊性,开展水库溃坝应急仿真技术研究,对于辅助研究水库应急过程、推进水库应急预案制度、提升水库应急管理至关重要.本文依据行业发展需求,参照建模与仿真理论,总结出溃坝应急过程数学模型研究、溃坝下游居民撤离优化技术研究、溃坝应急预案基础信息数字化技术研究等三项技术是发展溃坝应急仿真技术的关键,并对水库溃坝应急仿真三项关键技术的研究内容、重点解决的技术问题、技术路线分别进行了设想.     

地质灾害能量质环理论结构模式梗概

以地质灾害能量形成致灾根源为研究导向,论表观灾害形成机理的基础上,从灾害能量质环理论到地质灾害致灾根源作进一步升华探索.运用能量质环理论有针对性地加强对于地震、洪水、泥石流等各种地质灾害能量在介质中传播规律的研究；构建灾害能量传输、聚集成无数能量质点、质点相吸形成环链、环链相交形成能量断面,各个能量断面叠加形成能量破坏体,能量破坏体不断地传输与演化直至最终诱发下一次灾害等全过程循环系统；分析灾害能量在介质中传输及演变规律；提出灾害隔断原理,对防灾减灾工程提出实质性的建议.该项目研究打破了传统的非根源防灾理念,从致灾根源探索灾害的形成及灾害隔断预警.     

Application of the top specified boundary layer (TSBL) approximation to initial characterization of an inland aquifer mineralization: 1. Direct contact between fresh and saltwater

This paper presents a basic study in generalized terms that originates from two needs: (1) to understand the major mechanisms involved in the mineralization of groundwater of the Great Bend Prairie aquifer of Kansas by saltwater originating from a deeper Permian bedrock formation, and (2) to develop simple, robust tools that can readily be used for local assessment and management activities in the salt-affected region. A simplified basic conceptual model is adopted, incorporating two horizontal layers of porous medium which come into contact at a specific location within the model domain. The top layer is saturated with freshwater, and the bottom layer is saturated with saltwater. The paper considers various stages of approximation which can be useful for simplified simulation of the build-up of the transition zone (TZ) between the freshwater and the saltwater. The hierarchy of approximate approaches leads to the development of the top specified boundary layer (TSBL) method, which is the major tool used in this study for initial characterization of the development of the TZ. It is shown that the thickness of the TZ is mainly determined by the characteristic dispersivity. The build-up of the TZ is completed after a time period equal to the time needed to advect a fluid particle along the whole extent of the TZ. Potential applications and the effects of natural recharge and pumpage on salinity transport in the domain are discussed and evaluated in the context of demonstrating the practicality of the TSBL approach.     

应用加速应力试验更好地控制产品的可靠性

加速应力试验试验的目的不是通过试验,而是使产品失效。评估激发的各种故障到底是什么（what）,在哪里（where）,为什么（why）,然后采取纠正措施改进。本文探讨了如何利用加速应力试验（AST）技术更好地控制整个产品的可靠性以及如何恰当地进行加速应力试验,说明了对试验产品持续监测的重要性。     

不同变形失稳模式下隧道围岩稳定性判据研究的进展

计算机模拟隧道围岩失稳研究的困难在于失稳模型不清楚、失稳判据不明确。本文综合分析了目前国内外应用的隧道稳定性判别方法,总结了不同变形失稳机制下的计算模型及其量化的破坏判据,分析了各种方法的研究进展和存在局限,为围岩稳定性数值模拟提供快速、合理、可操作的判据。     

Formation of recycled plastics from depolymerized monomers derived from waste fiber-reinforced plastics

To develop a new method for the chemical recycling of plastics, we examined the formation of recycled polymers from the recovered monomeric materials of solubilized waste fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) under supercritical alcoholic conditions. Treatment of waste FRP with supercritical MeOH resulted in the formation of monomeric organic compounds that mainly contained dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and propylene glycol. The presence of these materials was confirmed by gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses and they were mixed with new DMP and glycols in various ratios to form unsaturated polyesters. The polymerization progressed successfully for all mixing ratios of the recovered and new DMP. Hardness tests on these recycled polymers indicated that the polymer made from a 1:1 mixture of recovered and new dimethyl phthalate had almost the same level of hardness as the polymers made from new materials. We also examined the formation of recycled FRP by using glass fibers and monomeric materials recovered through the present depolymerization method. Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6     

Wood Modification Effects on Weathering of HDPE-Based Wood Plastic Composites

The effects of weathering on the constituents of wood and polymer matrix behavior in wood plastic composites (WPCs) were investigated. WPCs were produced from pine, extractives-free pine, and pine holocellulose fibers (60%) together with HDPE (40%). These composites were subjected to xenon-arc accelerated and outside weathering for a total of 1200 h and 120 days, respectively. The color and chemical changes that occurred on the surface of the WPCs were analyzed using a set of analytical techniques. For pine and extractive-free pine filled composites, the results showed that the total color change, lightness, and oxidation increased, while the lignin content decreased. In addition, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) and number average molecular weight (Mn) of extracted HDPE decreased with an increase in exposure time of the composites. However, HDPE crystallinity increased with longer exposure time. Lightness of holocellulose-based WPC changed the least while the change in its HDPE crystallinity was not significant compared to the other composite types. Therefore, holocellulose-based WPC may be preferred for applications where color stability is of high priority.     

桥式起重机结构可靠性失效准则与剩余寿命评估准则

针对确定可靠性失效准则和剩余寿命评估准则时,未与起重机结构实际相结合的特点,笔者将机电类特种设备钢结构系统的可靠性分析失效准则与结构剩余寿命评估准则有机的统一起来,以桥式起重机结构系统为研究对象,确定了桥式起重机钢结构系统的具体失效准则,即从静强度、疲劳强度、刚度、整体稳定性、局部稳定性以及最大失效路径长度等多方面进行评价。通过对桥式起重机起重量摄动引起刚度失效比重变化结果对比,验证了结果的正确性。该方法可为起重机可靠性与剩余寿命评估做好前期准备,为机电类特种设备安全评估方法提供一条新理论新思路。     

充填管道系统失效模式与影响分析(FMEA)及失效影响模糊评估

根据金川矿区充填管道系统的运行情况,结合充填实践经验,建立了充填管道系统的失效模式与影响分析法(FMEA)分析表,得出系统存在10种失效模式。针对FMEA分析表中失效影响存在较大模糊性而难以有效估计的特点,引入模糊评估方法来进行分析。通过该矿区充填管道系统各失效模式产生失效影响的模糊评估,得到不同失效模式对系统可靠性影响的排序结果。结果表明:该方法的评估结果与实际情况比较吻合;可以使分析定量化,有助于工程人员充分利用系统模糊信息;该方法也能用于其他系统失效模式影响的模糊评估。     

A stochastic weather generation model for Alaska

A specific problem encountered in ecosystem-level simulation of Arctic ecosystems is the depth and extent of the driving variable record. Often, climate records are of short duration, gathered at locations different from the area to be simulated, or do not contain all the variables required by a given model. This paper addresses this problem for ecosystem simulation in Alaska with the development of a weather generator. The generator, called WGENAL, is based on the WGEN climate generator developed and validated in the 48 conterminous states. Because of the extreme variability of weather in Alaska that is not accommodated by the statistical metrics in the earlier model, a new climate generator was developed. WGENAL generates daily values of precipitation, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, solar radiation, and wind run. Precipitation is generated using a Markov chain-gamma model. A two-parameter gamma distribution is used to generate wind run. Temperatures and solar radiation are generated using procedures developed in the earlier study. Validation of the generator shows it provides adequate diurnal and seasonal weather records for Fairbanks. Other comparisons of synthetic weather with observed weather for sites north of the Brooks Range in Alaska are also within the error of the original data.