我国塑料包装废物的产生和回收特性及管理对策

通过现场调查和资料调研,分析了塑料包装废物的流向和环境特征,总结了塑料包装废物回收的基本特点和经验教训,论述了塑料包装废物回收模式特点,深入分析了回收过程中存在的问题,并提出了加强塑料包装废物回收的管理对策. 结果表明:塑料包装是塑料制品中的重要构成部分,由于质量轻、回收体积大,不易回收,我国每年产生大量的塑料包装废物,城市生活垃圾填埋场成为塑料包装废物的主要流向和污染源. 目前我国塑料包装废物回收依托的是进城务工的个体回收者,与现阶段的国情相符合. 塑料污染问题不是短期内能解决的,必须采取长期的综合管理对策,如进行源头减量化、制定鼓励回收利用的经济政策、采取适宜的无害化处置方式等.      

安全系统的故障分析

以可靠性研究为基础,分析独立和冗余配置的安全系统的故障状态,给出独立配置和冗余配置时安全系统的显性故障率、隐性故障率以及系统可用度的定量模型。以该模型对以紧急停车系统(ESD)和生产监控系统(DCS)构成的组合安全系统进行了比较和分析。笔者认为:ESD单独设置时,应注意降低隐性故障率、提高其修复率;ESD与DCS冗余配置时,无论是并联冗余还是串联冗余,安全保护功能都是增加的,但同时显性故障率有所增加,隐形故障率大大减少。因此,用ESD补充DCS的安全保护功能而不是简单的重复其功能,对提高系统的整体安全水平将是十分明显的。     

Calibrate failure-based risk assessments to take into account the type of chemical processed in equipment

Currently, failure-based risk assessments in the process industry do not empirically take into account the type of chemicals processed in equipment, mainly because chemical-specific failure rate data barely exist. This paper suggests a methodology to calibrate failure-based risk assessment predicated on the chemical being processed in equipment. The methodology uses a data mining tool known as the association rule. Specifically, the lift association rule is utilized (the Lift Methodology). By extracting equipment failure information from incident databases based on the chemical involved in the process, the Lift Methodology leads to more accurate equipment-related risk assessment.     

汽车塑料电镀手柄起泡原因探讨

B公司为某跨国汽公司车A公司提供的汽车用塑料电镀手柄,在墨西哥地区经过夏季炎热高温后,部分塑料手柄电镀层出现严重起泡现象.我们受A公司委托对样件和生产工艺过程中的一些物品做了相关试验和分析,初步查明了原因,及时解决了问题.     

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNS FOR STREAMBANK PROTECTION PROJECTS1

ABSTRACT: Streambank protection projects are intended to prevent streambank erosion, thereby preventing streambank failure and maintaining a desirable channel alignment. Streambank erosion is a natural process of unaltered, dynamic river systems, and protection projects seek to impose stability on this natural system. The environmental impacts of such projects are primarily changes to terrestrial and aquatic habitats and to aesthetics. Adverse environmental impacts have been minimized and enhancement of existing habitat and aesthetics have been achieved through the development of new, innovative designs or modifications to existing designs and through use of construction and maintenance practices that promote habitat and aesthetics. Designs based on channel flow characteristics, e.g., revetments using a variety of structural materials, can result in preservation of wildlife habitat by reducing the use of structural protection by matching the erosion potential of flow at the bank with the protection capability of the materials used. Designs based on streambed stabilization prevent bank failure caused by bank undermining, result in preservation or establishment of streamside vegetation, and enhance aesthetics. Protection schemes that manage and preserve floodplains, berms, and riparian areas preserve the natural condition of the floodplain area. Designs based on deflection of erosive flows, e.g., dikes, minimize disturbance to the bank vegetation and create low-velocity aquatic habitats. Use of vegetation for bank protection is most effective when used in combination with structural components. Construction and maintenance practices can be scheduled and modified to minimize impacts to floodplain areas and to enhance wildlife habitat while preserving the integrity of the protection structure.     

低温低溶解氧EBPR系统的启动、稳定运行及工艺失效问题研究

试验采用交替厌氧/好氧(An/O)SBR反应器,在温度为13~16℃的条件下启动并运行EBPR系统.研究表明,进水磷浓度20 mg·L-1,控制DO浓度为2 mg·L-1,低温条件下即可在短期内(6 d)实现EBPR系统的成功启动并获得高效稳定的除磷性能,出水磷浓度低于0.5 mg·L-1.降低DO浓度会影响EBPR系统的稳定运行效果,反应器好氧阶段DO浓度由2mg·L-1降为1 mg·L-1,系统仍可以稳定运行,磷的去除率均大于97.4%,但厌氧释磷量略有下降;DO浓度进一步降至0.5mg·L-1时,EBPR系统除磷性能迅速恶化且出水磷浓度超标.通过提高溶解氧浓度以恢复EBPR除磷性能的试验发现,低DO导致的系统失效在短期内不可逆.研究还发现,以NO-2及NO-3为电子受体的缺氧除磷小试对EBPR系统的稳定运行具有冲击作用,但由此产生的不利影响可在6个周期内得以恢复;此外,长期低温运行的EBPR系统内MLSS基本保持恒定且SVI略有降低,说明低温低DO条件有利于系统内污泥的沉降.     

唯宁县废旧塑料加工企业污染问题调查与对策

近年来,睢宁县废旧塑料加工业大幅增加,带来的环境危害越来越严重.对睢宁县东城镇废旧塑料加工企业存在的环境污染问题进行分析,并提出治理污染的建议.     

聚酯玻璃钢大气老化力学性能BP人工神经网络预报模型的建立

目的准确地分析并建立起一个老化模型,探究不饱和聚酯玻璃钢在大气环境中的条件与老化性能的变化联系。方法在气象数据的基础上分别分析不饱和聚酯玻璃钢在不同季节不同大气环境下各种力学性能的变化,利用数学建模的人工智能方法-BP神经网络进行建模。结果实际值与预测值有很好的一致性,模型精确度也较高。结论此预报模型可比较精确地评价不饱和聚酯玻璃钢在大气中的老化行为。     

防护性有机涂层失效研究的发展趋势

结合目前国内外防护性有机涂层失效研究现状,总结了该领域在环境因素的协同作用,力学因素对涂层耐久性的影响,综合评价涂层防护性能的表征方法和预测涂层失效的数学模型等方面的若干新进展。扼要叙述了该领域当前的主要研究需求,提出了针对未来研究工作的若干建议,包括应更重视环境因素之间的相互作用,通过叠加不同环境因素的加速模拟试验研究环境因素在涂层失效中的协同效应。研究不同形式、不同大小的载荷对涂层失效机理的影响,研究力学因素、老化因素和腐蚀过程在涂层失效中的交互作用。利用涂层防护性能物理、化学参数的测量结果建立预测涂层防护性能下降的数学模型,以实现涂层性能评价和涂层寿命预测。